Neuropathological Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alcohol Use in Males and Females: Studies Using Pre-Clinical Rodent and Clinical Human Specimens.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and alcohol misuse are inextricably linked and can increase the risk for development of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in military veterans and contact sport athletes. Proteinopathy (defects in protein degradation) is considered an underlying factor in neurodegenerative diseases. Whether it contributes to TBI/alcohol-mediated neurodegeneration is unexplored, however.