Cross-reactive protection against influenza A virus by a topically applied DNA vaccine encoding M gene with adjuvant.

The skin is rich with immunocompetent cells and therefore immunization through the skin is an attractive alternative to the invasive vaccination methods currently used. In this study the backs of mice were gently shaved, hydrated, and painted with a DNA vaccine encoding influenza M protein with adjuvant. The immunized mice were then challenged with two mouse-adapted strains of the influenza virus A: A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Udorn/72 (H3N2).

Iron-Mediated regulation of alkaline proteinase production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

We analyzed the regulation by iron of alkaline proteinase (AP) production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extracellular AP production was detected from the mid-logarithmic to the stationary phase by an antibody-based assay system, and was strongly repressed by iron in the medium. This repression was shown by Northern hybridization and primer extension to occur at the level of transcription.