Shared properties and singularities of exoribonuclease-resistant RNAs in viruses.

What viral RNA genomes lack in size, they make up for in intricacy. Elaborate RNA structures embedded in viral genomes can hijack essential cellular mechanisms aiding virus propagation. Exoribonuclease-resistant RNAs (xrRNAs) are an emerging class of viral elements, which resist degradation by host cellular exoribonucleases to produce viral RNAs with diverse roles during infection.

Cost-effectiveness of nivolumab monotherapy in the third-line treatment of small cell lung cancer.

Aims: Present cost-effectiveness analysis of nivolumab monotherapy vs. commonly prescribed third-line (3 L+) treatment in small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

Materials And Methods: A three health states partitioned survival model (progression-free, progressed disease, and death; US payer perspective) was developed.

The evolution of incontinence into resolved, refractory and urgency urinary incontinence following sling placement at time of prolapse repair in a large urodynamic cohort.

Purpose: To improve counseling in women at risk of refractory and/or urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) following sling placement at time of prolapse repair, we created an outcome model to characterize changes in storage dysfunction.

Materials And Methods: We identified 139 women who underwent urodynamics followed by sling or no sling placement at the time of prolapse repair over a 6-year period. Our primary outcome was the presence of UUI following sling placement.

Association between post-concussion symptoms and oculomotor deficits among adolescents.

Purpose: To examine the association between Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) scores, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scores, and oculomotor deficits post-concussion.

Methods: Records of adolescent patients examined in a multidisciplinary concussion clinic between July 2014 and May 2019 were reviewed. PCSS and CISS scores, results of eye examination and oculomotor assessment, concussion history, and demographics were abstracted.

International Survey on the Use of Arginine Vasopressin in the Postoperative Management of Single Ventricle Patients.

Management of patients with single ventricle physiology after surgical palliation is challenging. Arginine vasopressin has gained popularity in recent years as a non-catecholamine vasoactive medication due to its unique properties. However, data regarding its use in the pediatric population is limited.

Nanoparticle mediated RNA delivery for wound healing.

Wound healing is a complicated physiological process that comprises various steps, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The wound healing process is significantly affected by coexisting disease states such as diabetes, immunosuppression, or vascular disease. It can also be impacted by age, repeated injury, or hypertrophic scarring.

Ketorolac Is Safe and Associated With Lower Rate of Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis in Children With Pancreatic Duct Manipulation.

Objectives: Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) prevention in pediatrics is not well studied. Because of difficulty in accurately dosing indomethacin suppositories in pediatric patients, our center has used intravenous ketorolac for PEP prevention and present data on its safety and associated PEP rates.

Methods: Prospective monitoring of PEP for all patients who underwent ERCP at a pediatric tertiary care center from July 2010 to June 2018.

Maternal corticosteroids and depression during gestation and decreased fetal heart rate variability.

Objective: Maternal depression during gestation is an adverse factor in fetal brain development that manifests in later childhood behavioral problems. Fetal heart rate variability (FHRV) mediated by parasympathetic input is a marker of gestational nervous system development. Biological mediators of adverse effects of maternal depression may involve the mother's corticosteroids; however, links between depression, corticosteroids, and early nervous system development remain inconclusive.

Association Between Graft Choice and 6-Year Outcomes of Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the MARS Cohort.

Background: Although graft choice may be limited in the revision setting based on previously used grafts, most surgeons believe that graft choice for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is an important factor related to outcome.

Hypothesis: In the ACL revision setting, there would be no difference between autograft and allograft in rerupture rate and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) at 6-year follow-up.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Efficacy and safety of tadalafil in a pediatric population with pulmonary arterial hypertension: phase 3 randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study.

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of tadalafil in pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. This phase-3, international, randomized, multicenter (24 weeks double-blind placebo-controlled period; two-year, open-labeled extension period), add-on (patient's current endothelin receptor antagonist therapy) study included pediatric patients aged <18 years with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Patients received tadalafil 20 mg or 40 mg based on their weight (heavy-weight: ≥40 kg; middle-weight: ≥25 to <40 kg) or placebo orally once daily for 24 weeks.

Effects of Fluid Rehydration Strategy on Correction of Acidosis and Electrolyte Abnormalities in Children With Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

Objective: Fluid replacement to correct dehydration, acidosis, and electrolyte abnormalities is the cornerstone of treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), but little is known about optimal fluid infusion rates and electrolyte content. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether different fluid protocols affect the rate of normalization of biochemical derangements during DKA treatment.

Research Design And Methods: The current analysis involved moderate or severe DKA episodes ( = 714) in children age <18 years enrolled in the Fluid Therapies Under Investigation in DKA (FLUID) Trial.

Three-dimensional structure of a flavivirus dumbbell RNA reveals molecular details of an RNA regulator of replication.

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFVs) including dengue, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses have an RNA genome encoding one open reading frame flanked by 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). The 3' UTRs of MBFVs contain regions of high sequence conservation in structured RNA elements known as dumbbells (DBs). DBs regulate translation and replication of the viral RNA genome, functions proposed to depend on the formation of an RNA pseudoknot.

The current state of pediatric transplant hepatology fellowships: A survey of recent graduates.

Background: The number of programs offering a PTH fellowship has grown rapidly over the last 10 years. This study aimed to describe the clinical, didactic, procedural, and research experiences of recent PTH fellowship graduates. In addition, we sought to understand graduates' post-fellowship professional responsibilities and their perception about the utility of the PTH fellowship.

Viability of preloaded Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty grafts with 96-hour shipment.

Objective: To assess feasibility and compare the effects of 96-hour shipment of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) grafts as a scroll or a tri-fold on cell viability.

Methods And Analysis: DMEK grafts were prepared at the Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Bank. Twenty pre-stripped DMEK grafts, paired from 10 donors, were either tri-folded in an endothelium-in configuration using microforceps and loaded into a plastic Treyetech cartridge, or suctioned in a scrolled endothelium-out configuration into a modified Jones Tube.

Macrophage polarization and diabetic wound healing.

Diabetes mellitus is a costly disease and nearly one-third of these costs are attributed to management of diabetic foot disease including chronic, non-healing, diabetic foot ulcers. Therefore, much effort has been placed into understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic wounds and novel therapeutics. A relatively new area of interest has been macrophage polarization and its role in diabetic wound healing.

Factors Associated With Initiation of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Pediatric Population: An International Survey.

Although extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is increasingly utilized in the pediatric critical care environment, our understanding regarding pediatric candidacy for ECPR remains unknown. Our objective is to explore current practice and indications for pediatric ECPR. Scenario-based, self-administered, online survey, evaluating clinical determinants that may impact pediatric ECPR initiation with respect to four scenarios: postoperative cardiac surgery, cardiac failure secondary to myocarditis, septic shock, and chronic respiratory failure in a former preterm child.

RNA-binding proteins regulate aldosterone homeostasis in human steroidogenic cells.

Angiotensin II (AngII) stimulates adrenocortical cells to produce aldosterone, a master regulator of blood pressure. Despite extensive characterization of the transcriptional and enzymatic control of adrenocortical steroidogenesis, there are still major gaps in the precise regulation of AII-induced gene expression kinetics. Specifically, we do not know the regulatory contribution of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and RNA decay, which can control the timing of stimulus-induced gene expression.

BOugie or stylet in patients UnderGoing Intubation Emergently (BOUGIE): protocol and statistical analysis plan for a randomised clinical trial.

Introduction: Intubation-related complications are less frequent when intubation is successful on the first attempt. The rate of first attempt success in the emergency department (ED) and intensive care unit (ICU) is typically less than 90%. The bougie, a semirigid introducer that can be placed into the trachea to facilitate a Seldinger-like technique of tracheal intubation and is typically reserved for difficult or failed intubations, might improve first attempt success.

Targeting circadian PER2 as therapy in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury.

The cycle of day and night dominates life on earth. Therefore, almost all living organisms adopted a molecular clock linked to the light-dark cycles. It is now well established that this molecular clock is crucial for human health and wellbeing.