Magnesium (Mg) and Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Mg Levels in Biological Specimens in Humans Affected Some Neurodegenerative Disorders with an Update on Therapy and Clinical Trials Supplemented with Selected Animal Studies.

Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by neuron loss, are a group of neurological disorders that adversely affect the lives of millions of people worldwide. Although several medicines have been approved for managing neurodegenerative diseases, new therapies allowing for a significant slowdown in the progression of neurodegenerative syndromes are constantly being sought. Magnesium (Mg), a crucial mineral necessary for the functioning of organisms, is important to normal central nervous system (CNS) activity.

New Insights into the Development of Donepezil-Based Hybrid and Natural Molecules as Multi-Target Drug Agents for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves a complex pathophysiology with multiple interconnected subpathologies, including protein aggregation, impaired neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Current treatments, which generally target a single subpathology, have failed to modify the disease's progression, providing only temporary symptom relief. Multi-target drugs (MTDs) address several subpathologies, including impaired aggregation of pathological proteins.

Role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are common complications of diabetes, arising from insulin resistance, inflammation, and other pathological processes in the central nervous system. The potential of numerous antidiabetic agents to modify neurodegenerative disease progression, both preclinically and clinically, has been assessed. These agents may provide additional therapeutic benefits beyond glycemic control.

Indole-based COX-2 inhibitors: A decade of advances in inflammation, cancer, and Alzheimer's therapy.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in the cyclooxygenase family, is pivotal in producing pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, driving chronic inflammation and related disorders. Targeting COX-2 with selective inhibitors can mitigate these conditions while avoiding the gastrointestinal and hepatotoxic/nephrotoxic side effects of traditional NSAIDs. However, the selectivity towards COX-2 inhibition has been associated with cardiovascular risks, necessitating the discovery of novel molecular scaffolds avoiding CVS side effects.

Role of Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis, Prognosis and Treatment.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable and progressive neurodegenerative disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Previous trials of anti-amyloid and anti-tau immunotherapy indicate that additional research needs to be conducted on other mechanisms to find curative or disease-modifying therapy. This review focuses on apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a critical protein in brain lipid metabolism that acts specifically in the clearance and transport of lipids and cholesterol.

Medication Use and Treatment Indications in Huntington's Disease; Analyses from a Large Cohort.

Background: Huntington's Disease is a rare neurodegenerative disorder in which appropriate medication management is essential. While many medications are prescribed based on expert knowledge, overviews of actual medication use in HD are sparse.

Objectives: We provide a detailed overview of medication use and associated indications across HD disease stages, considering sex and regional differences.

Drug Repurposing for Effective Alzheimer's Disease Medicines: Existing Methods and Novel Pharmacoepidemiological Approaches.

Drug repurposing is a methodology used to identify new clinical indications for existing drugs developed for other indications and has been successfully applied in the treatment of numerous conditions. Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be particularly well-suited to the application of drug repurposing methods given the absence of effective therapies and abundance of multi-omic data that has been generated in AD patients recently that may facilitate discovery of candidate AD drugs. A recent focus of drug repurposing has been in the application of pharmacoepidemiologic approaches to drug evaluation.

Targeting Metals in Alzheimer's Disease: An Update.

One pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the dysregulated metal ions, e.g., zinc, copper, and iron in the affected brain regions.

The role of quantitative electroencephalography in diagnostic workup of mental disorders.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive diagnostic tool, enabling us to assess the electrical activity of the brain and its disturbance in a great number of psychiatric conditions. This paper provides a narrative overview of the most recent advantages of EEG use in various psychiatric disorders that are associated. This article analyses selected psychiatric disorders.

Emerging advances in nano-biomaterial assisted amyloid beta chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-M) therapy: reducing plaque burden in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form, accounting for 60-70% of 55 million dementia cases. Even though the precise pathophysiology of AD is not completely understood, clinical trials focused on antibodies targeting aggregated forms of β amyloid (Aβ) have demonstrated that reducing amyloid plaques can arrest cognitive decline in patients in the early stages of AD. In this study, we provide an overview of current research and innovations for controlled release from nano-biomaterial-assisted chimeric antigen receptor macrophage (CAR-M) therapeutic strategies targeted at AD.

Serotonin in depression and Alzheimer's disease: Focus on SSRI's beneficial effects.

Depression is a complex and pervasive mental health disorder affecting millions globally. Serotonin, a critical neurotransmitter, plays a central role in the pathophysiology of depression. This review explores serotonin's multifaceted role in depression, focusing on its synthesis, bioavailability, receptor interactions, and the impact of various factors, including diet, stress, and gender differences.

β-amyloid's neurotoxic mechanisms as defined by in vitro microelectrode arrays: a review.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the aggregation of β-amyloid, a pathological feature believed to drive the neuronal loss and cognitive decline commonly seen in the disease. Given the growing prevalence of this progressive neurodegenerative disease, understanding the exact mechanisms underlying this process has become a top priority. Microelectrode arrays are commonly used for chronic, non-invasive recording of both spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity from diverse in vitro disease models and to evaluate therapeutic or toxic compounds.

Naringin and Naringenin: Potential Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative dementia. The etiology of AD is multifactorial, and its complex pathophysiology involves tau and amyloid-β deposition, increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, metabolic disorders, and massive neuronal loss. Due to its complex pathology, no effective cure for AD has been found to date.

The Potential Role of Artemisinins Against Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives, collectively referred to as artemisinins (ARTs), have been approved for the treatment of malaria for decades. ARTs are converted into dihydroartemisinin (DHA), the only active form, which is reductive . In this review, we provide a brief overview of the neuroprotective potential of ARTs and the underlying mechanisms on several of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, particularly considering their potential application in those associated with cognitive and motor impairments including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The role and mechanism of dapagliflozin in Alzheimer disease: A review.

Alzheimer disease (AD), as the main type of dementia, is primarily characterized by cognitive dysfunction across multiple domains. Current drugs for AD have not achieved the desired clinical efficacy due to potential risks, inapplicability, high costs, significant side effects, and poor patient compliance. However, recent findings offer new hope by suggesting that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) may possess neuroprotective properties, potentially opening up novel avenues for the treatment of AD.

Do beta-amyloid-targeted interventions improve cognition, physical functioning, and overt behaviour of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients: Protocol for meta-analysis of Phase 3 clinical trials both completed and terminated.

Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain has been explored as a primary cause of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Better known as the amyloid hypothesis, it has been the main target of researchers vying to bring their therapeutic interventions to market despite several failed attempts by predecessors. In June 2021, Aduhelm (Aducanumab) became the first U.

Profiling aducanumab as a treatment option for Alzheimer's disease: an overview of efficacy, safety and tolerability.

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia worldwide. Aducanumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting amyloid-beta, became the first disease-modifying treatment for mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild AD dementia and suggested that removing amyloid from the brain, especially in early AD, might make a difference in slowing cognitive decline.

Areas Covered: In this review, the authors outline aducanumab's clinical efficacy as shown through key clinical trials and discuss its approval by the Food and Drug Administration under the accelerated pathway, which sparked both hope and controversy.

Therapeutic Targets in Innate Immunity to Tackle Alzheimer's Disease.

There is an urgent need for effective disease-modifying therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the most prevalent cause of dementia with a profound socioeconomic burden. Most clinical trials targeting the classical hallmarks of this disease-β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles-failed, showed discrete clinical effects, or were accompanied by concerning side effects. There has been an ongoing search for novel therapeutic targets.

Imidazoline receptors as a new therapeutic target in Huntington's disease: A preclinical overview.

An autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease called Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and a variety of psychiatric symptoms due to the expansion of polyglutamine in the Huntingtin gene. The disease primarily affects the striatal neurons within the basal ganglia, leading to significant neuronal loss and associated symptoms such as chorea and dystonia. Current therapeutic approaches focus on symptom management without altering the disease's progression, highlighting a pressing need for novel treatment strategies.

Advances in Cholinesterase Inhibitor Research-An Overview of Preclinical Studies of Selected Organoruthenium(II) Complexes.

Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors are crucial therapeutic agents for the symptomatic treatment of certain chronic neurodegenerative diseases linked to functional disorders of the cholinergic system. Significant research efforts have been made to develop novel derivatives of classical ChE inhibitors and ChE inhibitors with novel scaffolds. Over the past decade, ruthenium complexes have emerged as promising novel therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.