Prevalence of Moral Injury in Nationally Representative Samples of Combat Veterans, Healthcare Workers, and First Responders.

Background: Moral injury affects a variety of populations who make ethically complex decisions involving their own and others' well-being, including combat veterans, healthcare workers, and first responders. Yet little is known about occupational differences in the prevalence of morally injurious exposures and outcomes in nationally representative samples of such populations.

Objective: To examine prevalence of potentially morally injurious event (PMIE) exposure and clinically meaningful moral injury in three high-risk groups.

Neuroenhancement by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on DLPFC in healthy adults.

The term "neuroenhancement" describes the enhancement of cognitive function associated with deficiencies resulting from a specific condition. Nevertheless, there is currently no agreed-upon definition for the term "neuroenhancement", and its meaning can change based on the specific research being discussed. As humans, our continual pursuit of expanding our capabilities, encompassing both cognitive and motor skills, has led us to explore various tools.

Outcomes of chronic limb-threatening ischemia revascularization in patients with chronic kidney disease in the BEST-CLI trial.

Background: Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a high risk of poor outcomes. We aimed to compare the outcomes of lower extremity revascularization in patients with CLTI stratified by CKD severity in patients enrolled in the prospective, randomized Best Endovascular vs Best Surgical Therapy in Patients with CLTI (BEST-CLI) trial.

Methods: The BEST-CLI trial dataset was queried to categorize patients into three groups according to CKD stage.

Exploring the Intersection of Gender Diversity and Intellectual Disability: A Scoping Review With a Focus on Clinical Care.

Background: Little research has been conducted solely exploring gender diversity in people with intellectual disabilities. This review explores the literature, discusses the prevalence, and identifies clinical best practices for people at the intersection of gender diversity and intellectual disability.

Method: A scoping review was conducted utilising PRISMA methodology of the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL Complete (EBSCO), Cochrane Library (Wiley), Dissertations & Theses Global (ProQuest), PsycInfo (EBSCO), Scopus and Web of Science.

Predictive equation derived from 6,497 doubly labelled water measurements enables the detection of erroneous self-reported energy intake.

Nutritional epidemiology aims to link dietary exposures to chronic disease, but the instruments for evaluating dietary intake are inaccurate. One way to identify unreliable data and the sources of errors is to compare estimated intakes with the total energy expenditure (TEE). In this study, we used the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water Database to derive a predictive equation for TEE using 6,497 measures of TEE in individuals aged 4 to 96 years.

Default mode network functional connectivity as a transdiagnostic biomarker of cognitive function.

The default mode network (DMN) is intricately linked with processes such as self-referential thinking, episodic memory recall, goal-directed cognition, self-projection, and theory of mind. Over recent years, there has been a surge in examining its functional connectivity, particularly its relationship with frontoparietal networks (FPN) involved in top-down attention, executive function, and cognitive control. The fluidity in switching between these internal and external modes of processing-highlighted by anti-correlated functional connectivity-has been proposed as an indicator of cognitive health.

Medicaid Policy and Hepatitis C Treatment Among Rural People Who Use Drugs.

Background: Restrictive Medicaid policies regarding hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment may exacerbate rural health care disparities for people who use drugs (PWUD). We assessed associations between Medicaid restrictions and HCV treatment among rural PWUD.

Methods: We compiled state-specific Medicaid treatment policies across 8 US rural sites in 10 states and merged these with participant survey data.

Children's executive functioning and health behaviors across pediatric life stages and ecological contexts.

Executive functioning (EF) has been linked to chronic disease risk in children. Health behaviors are thought to partially explain this association. The current cross-sectional study evaluated specific domains of EF and varied health behaviors in three pediatric life stages.

Trauma-focused evidence-based psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder delivered via video telehealth in the Veterans Health Administration.

Introduction: Trauma-focused evidence-based psychotherapy (EBP) is the recommended treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, veterans began to initiate general mental health services delivered via video telehealth at high rates. Our goal in the current project was to describe the percentage as well as the demographic, military, and clinical characteristics of veterans receiving PTSD EBPs via video telehealth versus in-person.

Large language models for the mental health community: framework for translating code to care.

Large language models (LLMs) offer promising applications in mental health care to address gaps in treatment and research. By leveraging clinical notes and transcripts as data, LLMs could improve diagnostics, monitoring, prevention, and treatment of mental health conditions. However, several challenges persist, including technical costs, literacy gaps, risk of biases, and inequalities in data representation.

Demographic Correlates of Autism: How Do Associations Compare Between Diagnosis and a Quantitative Trait Measure?

Prevalence of autism diagnosis has historically differed by demographic factors. Using data from 8224 participants drawn from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, we examined relationships between demographic factors and parent-reported autism-related traits as captured by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS; T score > 65) and compared these to relations with parent-reported clinician diagnosis of ASD, in generalized linear mixed effects regression analyses. Results suggested lower odds of autism diagnosis, but not of SRS T > 65, for non-Hispanic Black children (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.

Perspectives on Clinical Pharmacist-Delivered Contingency Management to Promote Smoking Abstinence Among Individuals with HIV: A Qualitative Study.

Contingency management (CM), an evidence-based behavioral strategy that rewards positive behavior change including tobacco cessation, is rarely offered to support people with HIV (PWH) who smoke. In this study, we explored perspectives among patients and research staff engaged in a multi-site randomized clinical trial involving clinical pharmacist-delivered CM within HIV clinics. Between February and September 2023, we conducted 1:1 interviews with 12 PWH randomized to receive CM and one focus group with 8 staff (i.

The impact of functional correlations on task information coding.

State-dependent neural correlations can be understood from a neural coding framework. Noise correlations-trial-to-trial or moment-to-moment covariability-can be interpreted only if the underlying signal correlation-similarity of task selectivity between pairs of neural units-is known. Despite many investigations in local spiking circuits, it remains unclear how this coding framework applies to large-scale brain networks.

A descriptive examination of rurality in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort: Implications, illustrations, and future directions.

Purpose: The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort has enrolled over 60,000 children to examine how early environmental factors (broadly defined) are associated with key child health outcomes. The ECHO Cohort may be well-positioned to contribute to our understanding of rural environments and contexts, which has implications for rural health disparities research. The present study examined the outcome of child obesity to not only illustrate the suitability of ECHO Cohort data for these purposes but also determine how various definitions of rural and urban populations impact the presentation of findings and their interpretation.

Cannabidiol prescribing in the United States: An analysis of real-world data.

Background: Off-label prescribing of Epidiolex® (pharmaceutical cannabidiol) comes with both potential benefits and risks for patients. The aims of this study were to: (1) identify the percentage of people prescribed Epidiolex® who do not have diagnostic indications for Epidiolex® (Lennox Gastaut Syndrome [LGS], Dravet Syndrome [DS], and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex [TSC]) and (2) examine potential co-prescribing of medications that may interact with Epidiolex®.

Method: Using TriNetX analytics, a web-based database of de-identified electronic health records spanning >110 million people in the United States, we analyzed 4214 people receiving Epidiolex® in 2022.

Hierarchical gradients of multiple timescales in the mammalian forebrain.

Many anatomical and physiological features of cortical circuits, ranging from the biophysical properties of synapses to the connectivity patterns among different neuron types, exhibit consistent variation along the hierarchical axis from sensory to association areas. Notably, the temporal correlation of neural activity at rest, known as the intrinsic timescale, increases systematically along this hierarchy in both primates and rodents, analogous to the increasing scale and complexity of spatial receptive fields. However, how the timescales for task-related activity vary across brain regions and whether their hierarchical organization appears consistently across different mammalian species remain unexplored.

-related disorder in 87 adults: Natural history and self-sustainability.

Purpose: is one of the most frequently mutated genes in intellectual disability cohorts. Thus, far few adult-aged patients with -related disorder have been described, which limits our understanding of the disease's natural history and our ability to counsel patients and their families.

Methods: Data on patients aged 18+ years with -related disorder were collected through an online questionnaire completed by clinicians and parents.

Effect of Rurality on Type of Clinicians Delivering Psychotherapy and Prescribing Antidepressants to Veterans.

Objective: Mental health care is delivered by teams that include social workers, psychologists, nonphysician prescribing clinicians (NPPCs), and physicians. The objective of this study was to determine whether patient rurality has an effect on the types of U.S.

Synergistic label-free fluorescence imaging and miRNA studies reveal dynamic human neuron-glial metabolic interactions following injury.

Neuron-glial cell interactions following traumatic brain injury (TBI) determine the propagation of damage and long-term neurodegeneration. Spatiotemporally heterogeneous cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolic pathways are involved, leading to challenges in developing effective diagnostics and treatments. An engineered three-dimensional brain tissue model comprising human neurons, astrocytes, and microglia is used in combination with label-free, two-photon imaging and microRNA studies to characterize metabolic interactions between glial and neuronal cells over 72 hours following impact injury.

Community Engagement Studios to advance multi-site research with older adults.

Introduction: Operationalizing multi-site Community Engagement (CE) Studios to inform a research program is valuable for researchers. We describe the process and outcomes of hosting three CE Studios with Community Experts aged 65 years or older with chronic conditions and care partners of older adults. Experts gave feedback about processes for testing the feasibility, efficacy, effectiveness, and implementation of audio recording clinic visits and sharing recordings with patients who have multimorbidity and their care partners.

AI Foundation Models for Wearable Movement Data in Mental Health Research.

Pretrained foundation models and transformer architectures have driven the success of large language models (LLMs) and other modern AI breakthroughs. However, similar advancements in health data modeling remain limited due to the need for innovative adaptations. Wearable movement data offers a valuable avenue for exploration, as it's a core feature in nearly all commercial smartwatches, well established in clinical and mental health research, and the sequential nature of the data shares similarities to language.