Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is regenerated by speeding of the PI 4-kinase pathway during long PLC activation.

The dynamic metabolism of membrane phosphoinositide lipids involves several cellular compartments including the ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane. There are cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and of synthesis, transfer, and breakdown. The simplified phosphoinositide cycle comprises synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in the ER, transport, and phosphorylation in the Golgi and plasma membranes to generate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, followed by receptor-stimulated hydrolysis in the plasma membrane and return of the components to the ER for reassembly.

Measurement of Exciton and Trion Energies in Multistacked hBN/WS Coupled Quantum Wells for Resonant Tunneling Diodes.

Quantum confinements, especially quantum in narrow wells, have been investigated because of their controllability over electrical parameters. For example, quantum dots can emit a variety of photon wavelengths even for the same material depending on their particle size. More recently, the research into two-dimensional (2D) materials has shown the availability of several quantum mechanical phenomenon confined within a sheet of materials.

Potential and efficiency of statistical learning closely intertwined with individuals' executive functions: a mathematical modeling study.

Statistical learning (SL) is essential in enabling humans to extract probabilistic regularities from the world. The ability to accomplish ultimate learning performance with training (i.e.

Hybrid carbon thermal interface materials for thermoelectric generator devices.

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are extensively used in electronic devices as efficient heat transfer materials. We fabricated all-carbon TIMs by hybridizing single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with graphite and demonstrated their performance by applying them to a thermoelectric generator (TEG) device. The hybrid carbon TIM exhibited maximum thermal conductivity when the SWCNT content was near 10 wt%.

Blockers of Wnt3a, Wnt10a, or β-Catenin Prevent Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain In Vivo.

Although chemotherapy is a key cancer treatment, many chemotherapeutic drugs produce chronic neuropathic pain, called chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP), which is a dose-limiting adverse effect. To date, there is no medicine that prevents CINP in cancer patients and survivors. We determined whether blockers of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway prevent CINP.

Differentially altered social dominance- and cooperative-like behaviors in Shank2- and Shank3-mutant mice.

Background: Recent progress in genomics has contributed to the identification of a large number of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk genes, many of which encode synaptic proteins. Our understanding of ASDs has advanced rapidly, partly owing to the development of numerous animal models. Extensive characterizations using a variety of behavioral batteries that analyze social behaviors have shown that a subset of engineered mice that model mutations in genes encoding Shanks, a family of excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding proteins, exhibit autism-like behaviors.

Water strider females use individual experience to adjust jumping behaviour to their weight within physical constraints of water surface tension.

Different species of water striders match leg speeds to their body sizes to maximize their jump take off velocity without breaking the water surface, which might have aided evolution of leg structures optimized for exploitation of the water surface tension. It is not understood how water striders achieve this match. Can individuals modify their leg movements based on their body mass and locomotor experience? Here we tested if water striders, Gerris latiabdominis, adjust jumping behaviour based on their personal experience and how an experimentally added body weight affects this process.

Ab-interno surgical technique for the implantation of a wireless subretinal prosthesis in mini-pigs.

We sought to describe the surgical techniques required in the ab-interno method to implant subretinal prostheses in mini-pigs and suggest tips to facilitate optimal outcomes. During vitrectomy, the use of valved trocar cannulas was essential to stabilize the detached retina and implanted chip. As a first step in retinal detachment, a 23-gauge cannula with very small amount of viscoelastic material was used to establish the retinal hole and promote retinal detachment.

Acoustically Mediated Controlled Drug Release and Targeted Therapy with Degradable 3D Porous Magnetic Microrobots.

Microrobots for targeted drug delivery are of great interest due to their minimal invasiveness and wireless controllability. Here, a magnetically driven porous degradable microrobot (PDM) is reported that consists of a 3D printed helical soft polymeric chassis made of a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and pentaerythritol triacrylate matrix containing magnetite nanoparticles and the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The encapsulated Fe O nanoparticles render the PDM a precise wireless magnetic actuation by means of rotating magnetic fields (RMFs).

Protocol for Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Clustering in Axons of Cultured Neurons.

Clustering of synaptic vesicles along the neuronal axons is a critical mechanism underpinning proper synaptic transmission. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for analyzing the distribution of synaptic vesicles in presynaptic boutons of cultured neurons. The protocol covers preparation of cultured neurons, expression of synaptic vesicle-enriched proteins, and quantification procedures.

Odor habituation can modulate very early olfactory event-related potential.

Odor habituation is a phenomenon that after repeated exposure to an odor, is characterized by decreased responses to it. The central nervous system is involved in odor habituation. To study odor habituation in humans, measurement of event-related potentials (ERPs) has been widely used in the olfactory system and other sensory systems, because of their high temporal resolution.

NF-κB disinhibition contributes to dendrite defects in fly models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Dendrite pathology is frequently observed in various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Although previous studies identified several pathogenic mediators of dendrite defects that act through loss of function in NDs, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, our search for additional pathogenic contributors to dendrite defects in NDs identifies Relish/NF-κB as a novel gain-of-toxicity-based mediator of dendrite defects in animal models for polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

A Microfluidic System for Stable and Continuous EEG Monitoring from Multiple Larval Zebrafish.

Along with the increasing popularity of larval zebrafish as an experimental animal in the fields of drug screening, neuroscience, genetics, and developmental biology, the need for tools to deal with multiple larvae has emerged. Microfluidic channels have been employed to handle multiple larvae simultaneously, even for sensing electroencephalogram (EEG). In this study, we developed a microfluidic chip capable of uniform and continuous drug infusion across all microfluidic channels during EEG recording.

Active delivery of multi-layer drug-loaded microneedle patches using magnetically driven capsule.

In this paper, we propose the active delivery of multi-layer drug-loaded microneedle (MN) patches using a capsule that can be driven by an external magnetic field. Firstly, the multi-layer drug-loaded MN patches consist of three delivered MN patches which are composed of a drug-loaded MN patch and polydimethylsiloxane layer. The drug-loaded MN patch is made of a 10% gelatin solution and a drug.

Design Strategy of Quantum Dot Thin-Film Solar Cells.

Quantum dots (QDs) are emerging photovoltaic materials that display exclusive characteristics that can be adjusted through modification of their size and surface chemistry. However, designing a QD-based optoelectronic device requires specialized approaches compared with designing conventional bulk-based solar cells. In this paper, design considerations for QD thin-film solar cells are introduced from two different viewpoints: optics and electrics.

Smell and taste changes are early indicators of the COVID-19 pandemic and political decision effectiveness.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments have taken drastic measures to avoid an overflow of intensive care units. Accurate metrics of disease spread are critical for the reopening strategies. Here, we show that self-reports of smell/taste changes are more closely associated with hospital overload and are earlier markers of the spread of infection of SARS-CoV-2 than current governmental indicators.

Non-equilibrium chiral domain wall dynamics excited by transverse magnetic field pulses.

Non-equilibrium domain wall dynamics on a perpendicularly magnetized nanowire manipulated by the transverse magnetic field pulse are numerically investigated. We systematically observe the large displacements of the chiral domain wall and the domain wall tilting angles generated by Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction during the competition between the precession torque and the magnetic damping process. The magnetic-property-dependent domain wall displacements exhibit that the lower magnetic damping constants and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya energy densities generate the longer transition times and the significant larger domain wall displacements for the non-equilibrium magnetization dynamics.

Low frequency oscillations assessed by diffuse speckle contrast analysis for foot angiosome concept.

An angiosome refers to a 3D tissue volume that is vascularized by a single artery and is a relatively new concept that is useful in vascular surgery; however, the direct relationship between arterial blood flow and micro-perfusion is still controversial. Here, we propose a diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA), which is an emerging tissue perfusion monitoring modality, to investigate the correlations among low frequency oscillations (LFOs) measured from different areas on the feet of healthy subjects. We obtained reproducible results from the correlation analyses of LFOs, and their physiological implications were discussed.

Lin28a attenuates TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis.

Lin28a has diverse functions including regulation of cancer, reprogramming and regeneration, but whether it promotes injury or is a protective reaction to renal injury is unknown. We studied how Lin28a acts in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis following unilateral ureteral obstruction, in a mouse model. We further defined the role of Lin28a in transforming growth factor (TGF)-signaling pathways in renal fibrosis through in vitro study using human tubular epithelium-like HK-2 cells.

Opposite Polarity Surface Photovoltage of MoS Monolayers on Au Nanodot versus Nanohole Arrays.

We prepared MoS monolayers on Au nanodot (ND) and nanohole (NH) arrays. Both these sample arrays exhibited enhanced photoluminescence intensity compared with that of a bare SiO/Si substrate. The reflectance spectra of MoS/ND and MoS/NH had clear features originating from excitation of localized surface plasmon and propagating surface plasmon polaritons.

Probing the Importance of Charge Balance and Noise Current in WSe/WS/MoS van der Waals Heterojunction Phototransistors by Selective Electrostatic Doping.

Heterojunction structures using 2D materials are promising building blocks for electronic and optoelectronic devices. The limitations of conventional silicon photodetectors and energy devices are able to be overcome by exploiting quantum tunneling and adjusting charge balance in 2D p-n and n-n junctions. Enhanced photoresponsivity in 2D heterojunction devices can be obtained with WSe and BP as p-type semiconductors and MoS and WS as n-type semiconductors.

LAR-RPTPs Directly Interact with Neurexins to Coordinate Bidirectional Assembly of Molecular Machineries.

Neurexins (Nrxns) and LAR-RPTPs (leukocyte common antigen-related protein tyrosine phosphatases) are presynaptic adhesion proteins responsible for organizing presynaptic machineries through interactions with nonoverlapping extracellular ligands. Here, we report that two members of the LAR-RPTP family, PTPσ and PTPδ, are required for the presynaptogenic activity of Nrxns. Intriguingly, Nrxn1 and PTPσ require distinct sets of intracellular proteins for the assembly of specific presynaptic terminals.

Highly Stable Porous Polyimide Sponge as a Separator for Lithium-metal Secondary Batteries.

To inhibit Li-dendrite growth on lithium (Li)-metal electrodes, which causes capacity deterioration and safety issues in Li-ion batteries, we prepared a porous polyimide (PI) sponge using a solution-processable high internal-phase emulsion technique with a water-soluble PI precursor solution; the process is not only simple but also environmentally friendly. The prepared PI sponge was processed into porous PI separators and used for Li-metal electrodes. The physical properties (e.

Efficacy and pharmacokinetics evaluation of 4-(2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)-3-(2-thienyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one (GM-90432) as an anti-seizure agent.

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. A seizure is an uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain that can cause different levels of behavior, emotion, and consciousness. One-third of patients fail to receive sufficient seizure control, even though more than fifty FDA-approved anti-seizure drugs (ASDs) are available.

CZTSSe Formation Mechanism Using a Cu/Zn/SnS Stacked Precursor: Origin of Triple CZTSSe Layer Formation.

In this study, to control the formation of non-uniformly distributed large voids and Cu-Sn alloy agglomeration, which leads to local compositional misfit and secondary phase formation, a SnS compound precursor was applied instead of metal Sn to avoid compositional non-uniformity. Using a Cu/Zn/SnS stacked precursor, a temperature tracking experiment was conducted to confirm the formation controllability of the void and the secondary phase. According to the results of this temperature-profile tracking experiment, it was confirmed that the large void was successfully controlled; however, an additional ZnSSe secondary phase layer was formed in the middle of the CZTSSe upper layer and small voids were distributed relatively uniformly in the bottom CZTSSe layer.