Break-up and recovery of harmony between direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia: Huntington's disease and treatment.

Unlabelled: The basal ganglia (BG) in the brain exhibit diverse functions for motor, cognition, and emotion. Such BG functions could be made via competitive harmony between the two competing pathways, direct pathway (DP) (facilitating movement) and indirect pathway (IP) (suppressing movement). As a result of break-up of harmony between DP and IP, there appear pathological states with disorder for movement, cognition, and psychiatry.

Quantifying harmony between direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia: healthy and Parkinsonian states.

The basal ganglia (BG) show a variety of functions for motor and cognition. There are two competitive pathways in the BG; direct pathway (DP) which facilitates movement and indirect pathway (IP) which suppresses movement. It is well known that diverse functions of the BG may be made through "balance" between DP and IP.

Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus affects sparsely synchronized rhythms, associated with pattern separation and integration.

Unlabelled: We are concerned about sparsely synchronized rhythms (SSRs), associated with diverse cognitive functions, in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Distinctly, adult-born immature GCs (imGCs) emerge through neurogenesis, in addition to the mature granule cells (mGCs) (emerged in the developmental stage). In prior work, these mGCs and imGCs were found to exhibit their distinct roles in pattern separation and integration for encoding cortical inputs, respectively.

Do Performance Goals and Fixed Mindset Explicate the Relations Between Stereotype Threat and Achievement? Examining Differences Between Racially Marginalized and White Students in STEM.

This study examined whether performance goal orientations and mindset beliefs explicate the negative relation of ethnic stereotype threat with achievement and whether these processes vary depending on students' membership in a historically minoritized group. Multigroup analyses of undergraduate chemistry students ( = 1,376) indicated that perceived ethnic stereotype threat was associated with lower achievement regardless of whether students were from underrepresented minority groups (URM). For URM students, compared to White students, ethnic stereotype threat more strongly predicted performance-avoidance goals.

Effect of adult-born immature granule cells on pattern separation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

Young immature granule cells (imGCs) appear via adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). In comparison to mature GCs (mGCs) (born during development), the imGCs exhibit two competing distinct properties such as high excitability (increasing activation degree) and low excitatory innervation (reducing activation degree). We develop a spiking neural network for the DG, incorporating both the mGCs and the imGCs.

Correction to: Population and individual firing behaviors in sparsely synchronized rhythms in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s11571-021-09728-4.].

Are curiosity and situational interest different? Exploring distinct antecedents and consequences.

Background: A controversy over the distinction between curiosity and situational interest has recently resurfaced. Nonetheless, empirical research comparing the two is noticeably lacking.

Aims: We attempted to fill this gap and provide much-needed evidence of the distinction between curiosity and situational interest by examining the antecedents and consequences of the two constructs.

Disynaptic effect of hilar cells on pattern separation in a spiking neural network of hippocampal dentate gyrus.

We study the disynaptic effect of the hilar cells on pattern separation in a spiking neural network of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The principal granule cells (GCs) in the DG perform pattern separation, transforming similar input patterns into less-similar output patterns. In our DG network, the hilus consists of excitatory mossy cells (MCs) and inhibitory HIPP (hilar perforant path-associated) cells.

Impact of instructors' online teaching readiness on satisfaction in the emergency online teaching context.

This study aims at investigating the predictive effects of online teaching readiness factors on instructors' satisfaction and confidence in the emergency online teaching context. The target population is instructors who experienced online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in South Korea. Two hundred and thirteen instructors from 15 universities in South Korea responded to a survey asking about online teaching readiness (technological, pedagogical, online communication, time and environment management, and institutional support readiness), satisfaction, and confidence.

Population and individual firing behaviors in sparsely synchronized rhythms in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

We investigate population and individual firing behaviors in sparsely synchronized rhythms (SSRs) in a spiking neural network of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The main encoding granule cells (GCs) are grouped into lamellar clusters. In each GC cluster, there is one inhibitory (I) basket cell (BC) along with excitatory (E) GCs, and they form the E-I loop.

Dynamical origin for winner-take-all competition in a biological network of the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

We consider a biological network of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Computational models suggest that the DG would be a preprocessor for pattern separation (i.e.

Influence of various temporal recoding on pavlovian eyeblink conditioning in the cerebellum.

We consider the Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning (EBC) via repeated presentation of paired conditioned stimulus (tone) and unconditioned stimulus (US; airpuff). In an effective cerebellar ring network, we change the connection probability from Golgi to granule (GR) cells, and make a dynamical classification of various firing patterns of the GR cells. Individual GR cells are thus found to show various well- and ill-matched firing patterns relative to the US timing signal.

Effect of diverse recoding of granule cells on optokinetic response in a cerebellar ring network with synaptic plasticity.

We consider a cerebellar ring network for the optokinetic response (OKR), and investigate the effect of diverse recoding of granule (GR) cells on OKR by varying the connection probability p from Golgi to GR cells. For an optimal value of p(=0.06), individual GR cells exhibit diverse spiking patterns which are in-phase, anti-phase, or complex out-of-phase with respect to their population-averaged firing activity.

Effect of interpopulation spike-timing-dependent plasticity on synchronized rhythms in neuronal networks with inhibitory and excitatory populations.

We consider a two-population network consisting of both inhibitory (I) interneurons and excitatory (E) pyramidal cells. This I-E neuronal network has adaptive dynamic I to E and E to I interpopulation synaptic strengths, governed by interpopulation spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). In previous works without STDPs, fast sparsely synchronized rhythms, related to diverse cognitive functions, were found to appear in a range of noise intensity for static synaptic strengths.

Descriptions of two new species of Brachyzapus Gauld amp; Dubois (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from South Korea with key to a Palaearctic species.

Two new species of the genus Brachyzapus Gauld Dubois are described from South Korea: Brachyzapus convergens sp. nov. and B.

Cluster burst synchronization in a scale-free network of inhibitory bursting neurons.

We consider a scale-free network of inhibitory Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) bursting neurons, and make a computational study on coupling-induced cluster burst synchronization by varying the average coupling strength . For sufficiently small , non-cluster desynchronized states exist. However, when passing a critical point , the whole population is segregated into 3 clusters via a constructive role of synaptic inhibition to stimulate dynamical clustering between individual burstings, and thus 3-cluster desynchronized states appear.

Burst synchronization in a scale-free neuronal network with inhibitory spike-timing-dependent plasticity.

We are concerned about burst synchronization (BS), related to neural information processes in health and disease, in the Barabási-Albert scale-free network (SFN) composed of inhibitory bursting Hindmarsh-Rose neurons. This inhibitory neuronal population has adaptive dynamic synaptic strengths governed by the inhibitory spike-timing-dependent plasticity (iSTDP). In previous works without considering iSTDP, BS was found to appear in a range of noise intensities for fixed synaptic inhibition strengths.

Effect of inhibitory spike-timing-dependent plasticity on fast sparsely synchronized rhythms in a small-world neuronal network.

We consider the Watts-Strogatz small-world network (SWN) consisting of inhibitory fast spiking Izhikevich interneurons. This inhibitory neuronal population has adaptive dynamic synaptic strengths governed by the inhibitory spike-timing-dependent plasticity (iSTDP). In previous works without iSTDP, fast sparsely synchronized rhythms, associated with diverse cognitive functions, were found to appear in a range of large noise intensities for fixed strong synaptic inhibition strengths.

Effect of spike-timing-dependent plasticity on stochastic burst synchronization in a scale-free neuronal network.

We consider an excitatory population of subthreshold Izhikevich neurons which cannot fire spontaneously without noise. As the coupling strength passes a threshold, individual neurons exhibit noise-induced burstings. This neuronal population has adaptive dynamic synaptic strengths governed by the spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP).

Stochastic spike synchronization in a small-world neural network with spike-timing-dependent plasticity.

We consider the Watts-Strogatz small-world network (SWN) consisting of subthreshold neurons which exhibit noise-induced spikings. This neuronal network has adaptive dynamic synaptic strengths governed by the spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). In previous works without STDP, stochastic spike synchronization (SSS) between noise-induced spikings of subthreshold neurons was found to occur in a range of intermediate noise intensities.

Dynamical responses to external stimuli for both cases of excitatory and inhibitory synchronization in a complex neuronal network.

For studying how dynamical responses to external stimuli depend on the synaptic-coupling type, we consider two types of excitatory and inhibitory synchronization (i.e., synchronization via synaptic excitation and inhibition) in complex small-world networks of excitatory regular spiking (RS) pyramidal neurons and inhibitory fast spiking (FS) interneurons.

Emergence of ultrafast sparsely synchronized rhythms and their responses to external stimuli in an inhomogeneous small-world complex neuronal network.

We consider an inhomogeneous small-world network (SWN) composed of inhibitory short-range (SR) and long-range (LR) interneurons, and investigate the effect of network architecture on emergence of synchronized brain rhythms by varying the fraction of LR interneurons p. The betweenness centralities of the LR and SR interneurons (characterizing the potentiality in controlling communication between other interneurons) are distinctly different. Hence, in view of the betweenness, SWNs we consider are inhomogeneous, unlike the "canonical" Watts-Strogatz SWN with nearly the same betweenness centralities.

Effect of network architecture on burst and spike synchronization in a scale-free network of bursting neurons.

We investigate the effect of network architecture on burst and spike synchronization in a directed scale-free network (SFN) of bursting neurons, evolved via two independent α- and β-processes. The α-process corresponds to a directed version of the Barabási-Albert SFN model with growth and preferential attachment, while for the β-process only preferential attachments between pre-existing nodes are made without addition of new nodes. We first consider the "pure" α-process of symmetric preferential attachment (with the same in- and out-degrees), and study emergence of burst and spike synchronization by varying the coupling strength J and the noise intensity D for a fixed attachment degree.