Biomarkers in Japanese encephalitis: a review.

JE is a flavivirus generated dreadful CNS disease which causes high mortality in various pediatric groups. JE disease is currently diagnosed by measuring the level of viral antigens and virus neutralization IgM antibodies in blood serum and CSF by ELISA. However, it is not possible to measure various disease-identifying molecules, structural and molecular changes occurred in tissues, and cells by using such routine methods.

Purification, characterisation and coal depolymerisation activity of lignin peroxidase from Lenzitus betulina MTCC-1183.

Lignin peroxidase from the culture filtrate of Lenzitus betulina MTCC-1183 has been purified to homogeneity using concentration by ultrafiltration and anion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose. The molecular weight of the purified lignin peroxidase using SDS-PAGE analysis was 43 kDa. Specific activity of the enzyme was 29.

Alpha-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus clavato-nanicus MTCC-9611 active at alkaline pH.

An alpha-L-rhamnosidase secreting fungal strain has been isolated and identified as Aspergillus clavato-nanicus MTCC-9611. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate of the fungus using concentration by ultrafiltration membrane and ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. The native PAGE analysis confirmed the homogeneity of the purified enzyme.

Patents in the era of genomics: an overview.

The recent developments in biotechnology are the emerging science of "omics"- genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics. The state of the art sequencing technology has led to the deciphering of whole genome sequences of various microbes, plant, human and animals. The outcomes of genomics in the form of various genes, gene fragments, single nucleotide polymorphism, promoters and other regulatory sequences are a subject matter for patents based on its applications spanning agricultural, biomedical and industrial sectors.

Impact of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common edible carp (Labeo rohita).

Laboratory evaluations were made to assess the toxicological and biochemical effect of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common edible freshwater culture carp (Labeo rohita). There was a significant negative (P < 0.05) correlation observed between effective doses of cypermethrin and exposure periods; that is, LC₅₀ values decreased from 0.

Characterization of a neutral pectin lyase produced by Oidiodendron echinulatum MTCC 1356 in solid state fermentation.

A neutral pectin lyase produced by a new fungal strain Oidiodendron echinulatum MTCC 1356 under solid state fermentation using wheat bran as agro waste has been studied. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation (30-60%), DEAE anion exchange and Sephadex G-100 column chromatographies. The SDS-PAGE and native PAGE revealed two bands of sizes 42 and 47 kDa.

A laccase of Fomes durissimus MTCC-1173 and its role in the conversion of methylbenzene to benzaldehyde.

A laccase has been purified from the liquid culture growth medium containing bagasse particles of Fomes durissimus. The method involved concentration of the culture filtrate by ultrafiltration and anion exchange chromatography on diethyl aminoethyl cellulose. The sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both gave single protein band indicating that the enzyme preparation was pure.

Luffa aegyptiaca (Gourd) Fruit Juice as a Source of Peroxidase.

Peroxidases have turned out to be potential biocatalyst for a variety of organic reactions. The research work reported in this communication was done with the objective of finding a convenient rich source of peroxidase which could be used as a biocatalyst for organic synthetic reactions. The studies made have shown that Luffa aegyptiaca (gourd) fruit juice contains peroxidase activity of the order of 180 enzyme unit/mL.

Blood electrolytes of the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in response to treatment with a botanical pesticide (latex of Euphorbia royleana).

The aim of the present study was to determine changes in blood electrolytes (calcium and phosphate) in the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis following short- and long-term exposure to latex of Euphorbia royleana. To investigate the effects of short-term exposure, fish were exposed to 80% of the 96-h LC(50) of E. royleana latex (2.

Piscicidal activity of leaf and bark extract of Thevetia peruviana plant and their biochemical stress response on fish metabolism.

Objectives: The leaf and bark of Thevetia peruviana (Family: Apocynaceae) plant was administered for 24 h to the freshwater fish Catla catla (Hamilton) to evaluate their piscicidal activity in laboratory and cemented pond condition.

Materials And Methods And Results: The LC0 values of lef and bark extracts of different solvents (i.e.

Histological alterations in the ultimobranchial gland of teleost Heteropneustes fossilis in response to chlorpyrifos treatment.

In this study, an experiment was performed on Heteropneustes fossilis for short-term (1.76 mg/L chlorpyrifos, i.e.

Alterations in blood electrolytes of a freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in response to treatment with a botanical pesticide, Nerium indicum leaf extract.

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of Nerium indicum leaf extract on the blood electrolytes of Heteropneustes fossilis for short- and long term. Fish were subjected to Nerium indicum leaf extract for short term (11.27 mg/L i.

In silico characterization of pectate lyase protein sequences from different source organisms.

A total of 121 protein sequences of pectate lyases were subjected to homology search, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, and motif analysis. The phylogenetic tree constructed revealed different clusters based on different source organisms representing bacterial, fungal, plant, and nematode pectate lyases. The multiple accessions of bacterial, fungal, nematode, and plant pectate lyase protein sequences were placed closely revealing a sequence level similarity.

Enzyme Inhibition by Molluscicidal Components of Myristica fragrans Houtt. in the Nervous Tissue of Snail Lymnaea acuminata.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of molluscicidal components of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) on certain enzymes in the nervous tissue of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata Lamarck (Lymnaeidae). In vivo and in vitro treatments of trimyristin and myristicin (active molluscicidal components of Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Toxicity of aqueous extract of Euphorbia tirucalli latex on catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis.

A four-day static renewal acute toxicity test was performed to determine the LC(50) value of aqueous extract of Euphorbia tirucalli latex for the freshwater fish, Heteropneustes fossilis. The LC(50) values, their upper and lower confidence limits and slope functions were calculated. The LC(50) values for aqueous extract of E.

Toxic effects of crotocaudin extracted from the medicinal plant Croton tiglium.

The compound crotocaudin extracted from the stem bark of the medicinal plant Croton tiglium Linn. was administered for 24 h or 96 h to the freshwater vector snail Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck in order to test its toxicity. L.

Response surface optimization of the critical medium components for the production of alpha-galactosidase from Aspergillus parasiticus MTCC-2796.

Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of main variables such as concentration of galactose, yeast extract and wheat bran on alpha-galactosidase production from Aspergillus parasiticus MTCC-2796 under submerged fermentation conditions. A full factorial Central Composite Design was applied to study these main factors that affected alpha-galactosidase production. The experimental results showed that the optimum concentration of galactose, yeast extract and wheat bran were 1.

Chemistry and antioxidant activity of essential oil and oleoresins of black caraway (Carum bulbocastanum) fruits: Part 69.

Background: The present study describes the chemical analysis of the essential oil and oleoresins from caraway, which have been studied by using GC-MS. The paper also explains the importance of the extracted oil and oleoresins in the antioxidant activities of target plant species.

Results: GC-MS analysis of caraway essential oil showed 51 compounds representing about 96.

Histological alterations in the prolactin cells of a teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis, after exposure to cypermethrin.

Freshwater fish Heteropneustes fossilis (H. fossilis) were subjected to 5.76 μg/L (80% of 96 h LC(50) ) and 1.

Effect of environmental factors on the fecundity, hatchability and survival of snail Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata (Lamarck): vector of fascioliasis.

Lymnaea acuminata breeds round the year. The effect of pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, light/dark period and clean/polluted water on the fecundity, hatchability and survival of young snails of L. acuminata were studied.

Purification, characterization, and coal depolymerizing activity of lignin peroxidase from Gloeophyllum sepiarium MTCC-1170.

Lignin peroxidase from the liquid culture filtrate of Gloeophyllum sepiarium MTCC-1170 has been purified to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 42 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The K(m) values were 54 and 76 microM for veratryl alcohol and H2O2, respectively.

Purification and characterization of pectin lyase secreted by Penicillium citrinum.

The importance of various parameters such as sugarcane juice concentration, pH of the medium, and effects of different solid supports for maximum secretion of pectin lyase from Penicillium citrinum MTCC 8897 has been studied. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The molecular mass determined by SDS-PAGE was 31 kDa.

Molluscicidal activity of Saraca asoca and Thuja orientalis against the fresh water snail Lymnaea acuminata.

The molluscicidal activity of bark powder of Saraca asoca, leaf powder of Thuja orientalis against the snail Lymnaea acuminata was studied. The molluscicidal activity of all the plant products was found to be both time and concentration dependent. The 96 h LC(50) of T.

Decolorization of pulp paper mill effluent by Pleurotus sajorcaju.

Pleurotus sajorcaju MTCC-141 procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection Centre and Gene Bank, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh has been used for color removal from paper mill effluent. The paper mill effluent amended with basal medium supports the growth of Pleurrotus sajorcaju and removes the colour. The optimum concentrations of carbon source (glucose) and nitrogen source (NH4NO3) for the maximum decolourization of paper mill effluent were found to be 1% and 0.

Influence of calcitonin administration on ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of pigeon, Columba livia.

Pigeons were divided into two numerically equal groups (A and B) containing 30 specimens each. Birds from group A were intraperitoneally injected daily with 0.1 mL/100 g body wt of vehicle (0.