Tooth-size ratio for patients requiring 4 first premolar extractions.

Introduction: The relationship between total mesiodistal widths of the maxillary and mandibular teeth is an important factor in orthodontic treatment planning. The purposes of this article are to report a mathematical tooth-size ratio specifically designed for patients needing the extraction of 4 first premolars and to compare the anterior "6" and overall "12" ratio values reported by Bolton with the calculated anterior "6" and overall "10" ratio values obtained from data in this study.

Methods: This study was conducted in 3 phases.

Different renal pathologies associated with hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism may coexist with different renal pathologies. This article describes three cases with hypothyroidism and different renal pathologies. The first patient had hypothyroidism and nephrotic syndrome due to renal amyloidosis and Muckle-Wells Syndrome (MWS).