Stakeholder evaluations of risk interventions for non-potable recycled water schemes: A case study.

Non-potable recycled water schemes can benefit sustainable urban water management through reducing demand for drinking water and mitigating environmental loadings through the provision of advanced wastewater treatment. However, scheme feasibility can be diminished by high capital and operating costs which can be elevated by perceptions of health risks and subsequently overly cautious risk reduction measures. Conversely, a failure to anticipate the risk management expectations of stakeholders can undermine scheme feasibility through insufficient demand for recycled water.

Effect of turbidity on water disinfection by chlorination with the emphasis on humic acids and chalk.

Chlorine is globally the most widely used chemical for water disinfection. Whereas disinfection efficiency is well known to depend on water pH and temperature, the effect of turbidity is less well studied. Although turbidity is measured online in most drinking water works and most countries where regulations exist have set limits of <1 NTU for water leaving the works, the composition of turbidity is typically unknown.

Environmental enteric dysfunction and child stunting.

In 2017, an estimated 1 in every 4 (23%) children aged < 5 years were stunted worldwide. With slow progress in stunting reduction in many regions and the realization that a large proportion of stunting is not due to insufficient diet or diarrhea alone, it remains that other factors must explain continued growth faltering. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a subclinical state of intestinal inflammation, can occur in infants across the developing world and is proposed as an immediate causal factor connecting poor sanitation and stunting.

Intake of lead (Pb) from tap water of homes with leaded and low lead plumbing systems.

Methods of quantifying consumer exposure to lead in drinking water are increasingly of interest worldwide, especially those that account for consumer drinking habits and the semi-random nature of water lead release from plumbing systems. A duplicate intake protocol was developed in which individuals took a sub-sample from each measured drink they consumed in the home over three days in both winter and summer. The protocol was applied in two different water company regional areas (WC1 and WC2), selected to represent high risk situations in England, with the presence or absence of lead service pipes or phosphate corrosion control.

Impact of CO concentration and ambient conditions on microalgal growth and nutrient removal from wastewater by a photobioreactor.

The increase in atmospheric CO concentration and the release of nutrients from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are environmental issues linked to several impacts on ecosystems. Numerous technologies have been employed to resolves these issues, nonetheless, the cost and sustainability are still a concern. Recently, the use of microalgae appears as a cost-effective and sustainable solution because they can effectively uptake CO and nutrients resulting in biomass production that can be processed into valuable products.

Assessment of crude oil bioremediation potential of seawater and sediments from the shore of Lebanon in laboratory microcosms.

With the planned oil and gas exploration activities off the coast of Lebanon, the risk of shoreline contamination with crude oil spills has become a major concern. This study aimed at assessing the crude oil bioremediation potential of the chronically polluted Lebanese shores in light of the continuous discharge of nutrient-rich sewage into the Mediterranean Sea and the long-lasting absence of proper sewage treatment systems. It was anticipated that, with the high pollution levels of the coastline, background concentrations of nutrients would be sufficient to sustain high intrinsic biodegradation rates without human intervention.

Membrane stripping enables effective electrochemical ammonia recovery from urine while retaining microorganisms and micropollutants.

Ammonia recovery from urine avoids the need for nitrogen removal through nitrification/denitrification and re-synthesis of ammonia (NH) via the Haber-Bosch process. Previously, we coupled an alkalifying electrochemical cell to a stripping column, and achieved competitive nitrogen removal and energy efficiencies using only electricity as input, compared to other technologies such as conventional column stripping with air. Direct liquid-liquid extraction with a hydrophobic gas membrane could be an alternative to increase nitrogen recovery from urine into the absorbent while minimizing energy requirements, as well as ensuring microbial and micropollutant retention.

Menstrual Hygiene Management and Waste Disposal in Low and Middle Income Countries-A Review of the Literature.

Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) has gained some attention and several literature reviews have been published. However, both original papers and reviews tend to focus on absorbent access and use and not on the disposal of menstrual waste. This review aims to fill a gap in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector by bringing a focus specifically on menstrual hygiene safe disposal in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).

The Impact of Mechanically-Imposed Shear on Clogging, Fouling and Energy Demand for an Immersed Membrane Bioreactor.

The impact of the application of mechanically-imposed shear on the propensity for fouling and clogging (or "sludging"-the agglomeration of sludge solids in the membrane channel) of an immersed flat sheet (iFS) membrane bioreactor (MBR) was studied. The bench-scale test cell used contained a single flat sheet fitted with a crank and motor to allow the membrane to be oscillated (or reciprocated) vertically at a low rate (20 RPM). The membrane was challenged with sludge samples from a local MBR installation treating petroleum industry effluent, the sludge having previously been demonstrated as having a high sludging propensity.

Impacts of climate change adaptation options on soil functions: A review of European case-studies.

Soils are vital for supporting food security and other ecosystem services. Climate change can affect soil functions both directly and indirectly. Direct effects include temperature, precipitation, and moisture regime changes.

Electrochemically generated bimetallic reductive mediator Cu[Ni(CN)] for the degradation of CF to ethanol by electro-scrubbing.

Remediation of electronic gas CF using commercially available technologies results in another kind of greenhouse gas and corrosive side products. This investigation aimed to develop CF removal at room temperature with formation of useful product by attempting an electrogenerated Cu[Ni(CN)] mediator. The initial electrolysis of the bimetallic complex at the anodized Ti cathode demonstrated Cu[Ni(CN)] formation, which was confirmed by additional electron spin resonance results.

Understanding the potential for selective natural organic matter removal by ion exchange.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal from a river water source was investigated using ion exchange (IEX), coagulation and membrane filtration. This research linked the variable charge characteristics of the organic compounds present in the source water with removal by IEX and coagulation. The raw water charge density fluctuated considerably (between 5.

Informing public attitudes to non-potable water reuse - The impact of message framing.

Water reuse is of increasing relevance for water-stressed regions but is often considered a contentious option. Research has shown that providing the public with information about reuse options can impact positively on its acceptability, although such impacts can be confined to specific groups. In this context, there is growing interest in understanding the impact of different forms and mechanisms of communication with the public around reuse.

Clogging vs. fouling in immersed membrane bioreactors.

Whilst the fouling of MBR membrane surfaces has been very extensively explored by the academic community, there is an increasingly widespread recognition by practitioners of the issue of clogging of membrane channels with sludge solids, sometimes termed "sludging". The study undertaken has quantified this phenomenon using a bespoke test cell allowing a flat sheet membrane channel to be viewed directly during operation and the accumulated solids determined by digital image processing. Sludging behaviour has then been correlated both with the sludge properties, from sludge samples taken from both an industrial and municipal MBR, and the permeability decline rate data.

Assessment of geospatial and hydrochemical interactions of groundwater quality, southwestern Nigeria.

Groundwater pollution resulting from anthropogenic activities and poor effluent management is on the rise in Nigeria. Hence, groundwater used for domestic purposes is questionable and therefore calls for scientific scrutiny. Investigation of hydrochemical interactions and quality of groundwater resource is essential in order to monitor and identify sources of water pollutants.

Biotransformation and sorption of trace organic compounds in biological nutrient removal treatment systems.

This study determined biotransformation rates (k) and sorption-distribution coefficients (K) for a select group of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) in anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic activated sludge collected from two different biological nutrient removal (BNR) treatment systems located in Nevada (NV) and Ohio (OH) in the United States (US). The NV and OH facilities operated at solids retention times (SRTs) of 8 and 23 days, respectively. Using microwave-assisted extraction, the biotransformation rates of the chosen TOrCs were measured in the total mixed liquor.

Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity projected at 1.5°C and 2°C global warming with a higher-resolution global climate model.

We projected changes in weather extremes, hydrological impacts and vulnerability to food insecurity at global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C relative to pre-industrial, using a new global atmospheric general circulation model HadGEM3A-GA3.0 driven by patterns of sea-surface temperatures and sea ice from selected members of the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) ensemble, forced with the RCP8.

Microbial degradation of Cold Lake Blend and Western Canadian select dilbits by freshwater enrichments.

Treatability experiments were conducted to determine the biodegradation of diluted bitumen (dilbit) at 5 and 25 °C for 72 and 60 days, respectively. Microbial consortia obtained from the Kalamazoo River Enbridge Energy spill site were enriched on dilbit at both 5 (cryo) and 25 (meso) ºC. On every sampling day, triplicates were sacrificed and residual hydrocarbon concentrations (alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) were determined by GCMS/MS.

Fluoride contamination in groundwater sources in Southwestern Nigeria: Assessment using multivariate statistical approach and human health risk.

The present study investigated the ionic and fluoride concentrations in tap water and its associated health risk to local dwellers of Ogun State (Abeokuta south), Nigeria. 63 samples were collected from twenty-one different locations. Results obtained revealed the mean concentration of fluoride (F) as 1.

The absence or presence of a lytic coliphage affects the response of Escherichia coli to heat, chlorine, or UV exposure.

Disinfection aims at maximal inactivation of target organisms and the sustainable suppression of their regrowth. Whereas many disinfection efforts achieve efficient inactivation when the effect is measured directly after treatment, there are questions about the sustainability of this effect. One aspect is that the treated bacteria might recover and regain the ability to grow.

Assessment of dynamic membrane filtration for biological treatment of old landfill leachate.

This study investigated the behaviour of dynamic membrane (DM) filtration for the treatment of stabilised landfill leachate in a bench-scale pre-anoxic and aerobic submerged dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR). Four meshes with different openings (10, 52, 85 and 200 μm) were tested to support the development of DM. Differences were observed among the meshes in supporting the development of the cake layer constituting the DM.

Impact of fouling, cleaning and faecal contamination on the separation of water from urine using thermally driven membrane separation.

In this study, membrane distillation is evaluated as a technology for non-sewered sanitation, using waste heat to enable separation of clean water from urine. Whilst membrane fouling was observed for urine, wetting was not evident and product water quality met the proposed discharge standard, despite concentration of the feed. Fouling was reversible using physical cleaning, which is similar to previous membrane studies operating without pressure as the driving force.

Enhancement of CO biofixation and lipid production by using coloured polypropylene film.

was cultivated with light at different wavelengths () and irradiation intensities () by applying a coloured tape (CT) as a simple, inexpensive light filter. was cultivated in a standard medium using blue (CT), green (CT), red (CT), yellow (CT) and white (CT) CT to filter the light, as well the unfiltered light (U). The influence of and on specific growth rate (), nutrient removal efficiency (% RE of total nitrogen, TN, and phosphorus, TP), CO fixation rate () and lipid productivity () were evaluated.