A Review of the Prognostic Significance of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Nonhematologic Malignancies.

Biomarkers are crucial in cancer diagnostics, prognosis, and surveillance. Extensive research has been dedicated to identifying biomarkers that are broadly applicable across multiple cancer types and can be easily obtained from routine investigations such as blood cell counts. One such biomarker, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), has been established as a prognostic marker in cancer.

A Review of Stage 0 Biomarkers in Type 1 Diabetes: The Holy Grail of Early Detection and Prevention?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an incurable autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic islet cells, resulting in lifelong dependency on insulin treatment. There is an abundance of review articles addressing the prediction of T1D; however, most focus on the presymptomatic phases, specifically stages 1 and 2. These stages occur after seroconversion, where therapeutic interventions primarily aim to delay the onset of T1D rather than prevent it.

Short-Term Atorvastatin Therapy in Healthy Individuals Results in Unaltered Plasma MMP Levels and Disrupted MMP-7 Correlation with Blood Lipids and Blood Count-Derived Inflammatory Markers.

: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Reportedly, statins can decrease MMP activity in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but this effect has not been studied in healthy individuals. : MMPs 2, 7, and 9 and several other parameters were measured before and after a four-week course of moderate-dose atorvastatin (20 mg/day) in 21 healthy individuals.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Early Diagnosis and Molecular Classification of Head and Neck Skin Cancers: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

Cancer remains a significant global health concern, with increasing genetic and metabolic irregularities linked to its onset. Among various forms of cancer, skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma, is on the rise worldwide, often triggered by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The propensity of skin cancer to metastasize highlights the importance of early detection for successful treatment.

Combining Molecular and Traditional Prognostic Factors: A Holistic Approach to Breast Cancer Prognostication.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with various morphologies and molecular features, and it is the second leading cause of cancer death in women in developed countries. According to the literature, we currently lack both prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The most important prognostic factors are disease stage and Nottingham grade.

Understanding the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia: Exploring the Role of Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Future Directions.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder in pregnancy associated with significant fetal and maternal complications. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired form of thrombophilia characterized by recurrent venous or arterial thrombosis and obstetric complications that significantly increases morbidity and mortality rates. While preeclampsia may not be the most prevalent obstetric complication in APS, it significantly impacts the long-term health of both mother and child.

Shared Pathogenic and Therapeutic Characteristics of Endometriosis, Adenomyosis, and Endometrial Cancer: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Endometriosis and adenomyosis behave similarly to cancer. No current treatments represent a cure, even if there are several options, including hormonal and surgical therapy. In advanced or recurrent pathologies, however, personalized treatment is necessary.

The Early Hematological Profile and Its Variations: A Useful Tool in the Prediction of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Extremely Preterm Infants.

: The purpose of this study to investigate if the early variations in the hematological profile could be a useful tool in the prediction and evaluation of intraventricular hemorrhage. : It is a retrospective study conducted between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2022, in a tertiary academic center. In-born infants ≤ 28 weeks of gestation ( = 134) were enrolled.

Endometriosis and the Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Pathophysiology: A Narrative Review of the Literature.

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which explains the pain that such patients report. Currently, we are faced with ineffective, non-invasive diagnostic methods and treatments that come with multiple side effects and high recurrence rates for both the disease and pain. These are the reasons why we are exploring the possibility of the involvement of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules in the process of the appearance of endometriosis.

Human Placenta and Evolving Insights into Pathological Changes of Preeclampsia: A Comprehensive Review of the Last Decade.

The placenta, the foremost and multifaceted organ in fetal and maternal biology, is pivotal in facilitating optimal intrauterine fetal development. Remarkably, despite its paramount significance, the placenta remains enigmatic, meriting greater comprehension given its central influence on the health trajectories of both the fetus and the mother. Preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR), prevailing disorders of pregnancy, stem from compromised placental development.

New Insights into Genetics of Endometriosis-A Comprehensive Literature Review.

This comprehensive review explores the genetic contributions to endometriosis and their potential impact on improving diagnostic techniques. The review begins by defining endometriosis and discussing its prevalence, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of the condition. It highlights recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that have identified specific genetic variants associated with endometriosis, shedding light on the molecular pathways and mechanisms involved.

Adenomyosis and Its Possible Malignancy: A Review of the Literature.

Cancer arising from adenomyosis is very rare, with transformation occurring in only 1% of cases and in older individuals. Adenomyosis, endometriosis and cancers may share a common pathogenic mechanism that includes hormonal factors, genetic predisposition, growth factors, inflammation, immune system dysregulation, environmental factors and oxidative stress. Endometriosis and adenomyosis both exhibit malignant behaviour.

Immature Teratoma: Diagnosis and Management-A Review of the Literature.

An immature teratoma is a germinal malignant tumor composed of three germ cell layers, occurring more frequently in young women. It is the second most frequent among the malignant germinal tumors after dysgerminoma, and it is the only neoplasm with germ cells that are histologically graded. Even if we do not have a consensus regarding its therapeutical management, it has a good prognosis, with an excellent overall survival rate and good fertility preservation.

The Approach of Artificial Intelligence in Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Breast: A Next Step towards Precision Pathology?-A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Primary neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the breast are considered a rare and undervalued subtype of breast carcinoma that occur mainly in postmenopausal women and are graded as G1 or G2 NETs or an invasive neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) (small cell or large cell). To establish a final diagnosis of breast carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation, it is essential to perform an immunohistochemical profile of the tumor, using antibodies against synaptophysin or chromogranin, as well as the MIB-1 proliferation index, one of the most controversial markers in breast pathology regarding its methodology in current clinical practice. A standardization error between institutions and pathologists regarding the evaluation of the MIB-1 proliferation index is present.

Diagnosis and Management of Dysgerminomas with a Brief Summary of Primitive Germ Cell Tumors.

Dysgerminoma represents a rare malignant tumor composed of germ cells, originally from the embryonic gonads. Regarding its incidence, we do not have precise data due to its rarity. Dysgerminoma occurs at a fertile age.

An Interesting Image of Transmural Migration of a Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine Device (LNg-IUD).

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are very common as a method of birth control. By adding progesterone (levonorgestrel), a decrease in the risk of complications has been documented, including the risk of perforation. Even though only a few complications have been described, adjacent organs may be involved in the case of migration-a life-threatening situation.

Oxidative-Stress Related Gene Polymorphism in Endometriosis-Associated Infertility.

Background and Objectives: Endometriosis is a benign inflammatory disease associated with infertility and chronic pelvic pain, estimated to affect 7−10% of reproductive-age women, with the possibility of malignant transformation. Recent studies focus on oxidative stress and genetic mutations as risk factors in the pathophysiology of endometriosis-associated infertility. Materials and Methods: This case-control study is the first in Eastern European women that aimed to investigate four genes’ genetic polymorphisms that encode antioxidant enzymes involved in oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase 1, GPX1 198Pro > Leu, catalase CAT-262C > T, glutathione S-transferase M1, and T1 null genotype) and their association with endometriosis-related infertility.

A Race against the Clock: A Case Report and Literature Review Concerning the Importance of ADAMTS13 Testing in Diagnosis and Management of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura during Pregnancy.

Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare, potentially fatal pathology characterized by microangiopathic thrombotic syndrome and caused by an acute protease deficiency of von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS13. Moreover, ADAMTS13 deficiency promotes microthrombosis led by the persistence of ultra-large VWF multimers in the blood circulation. According to the few studies involving pregnant participants, the heterogeneity of manifestations has made this pathology difficult to diagnose, with an unexpected occurrence and increased risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.

Atypical Polypoid Adenomyoma of the Vagina: Follow Up and Subsequent Evolution: A Case Report and Update.

Atypical polypoid adenomyoma (APA) is a rare tumor developed from a mix of cells of epithelial and mesenchymal origin. We present the case of an 84-year-old patient with atypical polypoid adenomyoma on the vaginal vault, after total hysterectomy with total adnexectomy for endometrial hyperplasia with atypia four years ago. Not following regular indicated gynecological appointments, the symptoms presented were vaginal bleeding and anemia.