Iodide Residues in Milk Vary between Iodine-Based Teat Disinfectants.

Majority of iodine found in dairy milk comes from the diet and teat disinfection products used during milking process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4 iodine-based teat dips on milk iodide concentrations varying in iodine level (0.25% vs.

Gelling Properties of Fish/Pork Mince Mixtures.

The gel properties of silver carp/pork mince mixtures were investigated as well as the protein structural changes and interactions during gelling using rheology, SEM, and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The breaking force values for gels containing 0% to 40% pork was significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared with gels containing 50% to 100% pork.

Population Genetics and Structure of a Global Foxtail Millet Germplasm Collection.

Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

Identification of a Candidate Gene in Solanum habrochaites for Resistance to a Race 1 Strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.

Bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) is a persistent problem on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

Genome-Wide Association Mapping for Leaf Tip Necrosis and Pseudo-black Chaff in Relation to Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat.

The partial rust resistance genes Lr34 and Sr2 have been used extensively in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement, as they confer exceptional durability. Interestingly, the resistance of Lr34 is associated with the expression of leaf tip necrosis (LTN) and Sr2 with pseudo-black chaff (PBC).

Genetic Gain from Phenotypic and Genomic Selection for Quantitative Resistance to Stem Rust of Wheat.

Stem rust of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp.

Genomic Prediction of Biomass Yield in Two Selection Cycles of a Tetraploid Alfalfa Breeding Population.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a widely planted perennial forage legume grown throughout temperate and dry subtropical regions in the world. Long breeding cycles limit genetic improvement of alfalfa, particularly for complex traits such as biomass yield.

Optimization of Microencapsulation of Fish Oil with Gum Arabic/Casein/Beta-Cyclodextrin Mixtures by Spray Drying.

Fish oil was encapsulated with gum arabic/casein/beta-cyclodextrin mixtures using spray drying. The processing parameters (solids concentration of the barrier solutions, ratio of oil to barrier materials, emulsifying temperature, and air inlet temperature) were optimized based on emulsion viscosity, emulsion stability, encapsulation efficiency, and yield. A suitable viscosity and high emulsion stability could increase encapsulation efficiency and yield.

A Grounded Guide to Gluten: How Modern Genotypes and Processing Impact Wheat Sensitivity.

The role of wheat, and particularly of gluten protein, in our diet has recently been scrutinized. This article provides a summary of the main pathologies related to wheat in the human body, including celiac disease, wheat allergy, nonceliac wheat sensitivity, fructose malabsorption, and irritable bowel syndrome. Differences in reactivity are discussed for ancient, heritage, and modern wheats.

Efficient Use of Historical Data for Genomic Selection: A Case Study of Stem Rust Resistance in Wheat.

Genomic selection (GS) is a methodology that can improve crop breeding efficiency. To implement GS, a training population (TP) with phenotypic and genotypic data is required to train a statistical model used to predict genotyped selection candidates (SCs). A key factor impacting prediction accuracy is the relationship between the TP and the SCs.

Genotyping-by-Sequencing Enabled Mapping and Marker Development for the By-2 Potyvirus Resistance Allele in Common Bean.

Since its emergence in 2001, an aphid-transmitted virus disease complex has caused substantial economic losses to snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production and processing in the Great Lakes Region of the United States. The general ineffectiveness of chemical control measures for nonpersistently transmitted viruses established an urgent need for the development and deployment of cultivars with resistance to the component viruses.

Assessing Genomic Selection Prediction Accuracy in a Dynamic Barley Breeding Population.

Prediction accuracy of genomic selection (GS) has been previously evaluated through simulation and cross-validation; however, validation based on progeny performance in a plant breeding program has not been investigated thoroughly. We evaluated several prediction models in a dynamic barley breeding population comprised of 647 six-row lines using four traits differing in genetic architecture and 1536 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The breeding lines were divided into six sets designated as one parent set and five consecutive progeny sets comprised of representative samples of breeding lines over a 5-yr period.

Impact of processing parameters on the phenolic profile of wines produced from hybrid red grapes Maréchal Foch, Corot noir, and Marquette.

Phenolic extraction in hybrid and interspecific wine grape cultivars is poorly understood, especially in terms of the impact of fermentation and enological conditions on condensed tannins and anthocyanins. Following fractionation via solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography, phenolic profiles of must and wine from red hybrid grape cultivars Maréchal Foch, Corot noir, and Marquette were examined to assess the impact of enzyme and tannin addition, cold soak, and hot press during vinification. Across cultivars, hot press treatments resulted in the greatest extraction of condensed tannin, anthocyanin, and other monomeric phenolic compounds in musts, and treatments that increased skin contact time or cellular degradation during fermentation produced higher concentrations of tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonols.

Soft matter approaches as enablers for food macroscale simulation.

Macroscopic deformable multiphase porous media models have been successful in describing many complex food processes. However, the properties needed for such detailed physics-based models are scarce and consist of primarily empirical models obtained from experiment. Likewise, driving forces such as swelling pressure have also been approached empirically, without physics-based explanations or prediction capabilities.

A model of cholinergic modulation in olfactory bulb and piriform cortex.

In this work we investigate in a computational model how cholinergic inputs to the olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PC) modulate odor representations. We use experimental data derived from different physiological studies of ACh modulation of the bulbar and cortical circuitry and the interaction between these two areas. The results presented here indicate that cholinergic modulation in the OB significantly increases contrast and synchronization in mitral cell output.

Taste properties of potassium chloride alone and in mixtures with sodium chloride using a check-all-that-apply method.

As consumers try to reduce their sodium consumption for health purposes, the food industry seeks ways to reduce the sodium content in products while maintaining palatability. One potential solution for lowering sodium content is using potassium chloride (KCl) as a substitute. However, many people find KCl to have unpleasant off-tastes, which limits its effectiveness to replace sodium chloride (NaCl).

Postnatal emergence of serotonin-induced plateau potentials in commissural interneurons of the mouse spinal cord.

Most studies of the mouse hindlimb locomotor network have used neonatal (P0-5) mice. In this study, we examine the postnatal development of intrinsic properties and serotonergic modulation of intersegmental commissural interneurons (CINs) from the neonatal period (P0-3) to the time the animals bear weight (P8-10) and begin to show adult walking (P14-16). CINs show an increase in excitability with age, associated with a decrease in action potential halfwidth and appearance of a fast component to the afterhyperpolarization at P14-16.

Green tea ingestion by rats does not affect iron absorption but does alter the composition of the saliva proteome.

We tested the hypothesis that rats adapt to the iron absorption inhibitory effects of tea by modifying the expression of salivary proteins. Thirty-six weanling rats were allocated into 6 groups. Two control groups were fed a semipurified diet containing 20 mg Fe(2+)/kg diet.

Innovations in motoneuron synchrony drive rapid temporal modulations in vertebrate acoustic signaling.

Rapid temporal modulation of acoustic signals among several vertebrate lineages has recently been shown to depend on the actions of superfast muscles. We hypothesized that such fast events, known to require synchronous activation of muscle fibers, would rely on motoneuronal properties adapted to generating a highly synchronous output to sonic muscles. Using intracellular in vivo recordings, we identified a suite of premotor network inputs and intrinsic motoneuronal properties synchronizing the oscillatory-like, simultaneous activation of superfast muscles at high gamma frequencies in fish.

Assessment of the validity of maturity metrics for predicting the volatile composition of Concord grape juice.

Total soluble solids (TSS) are typically used as the sole metric for maturity of Concord grapes. However, the reliability of TSS in predicting the aroma composition of finished juice for grapes sourced from multiple sites has not been investigated. This study sought to determine the validity of TSS in predicting the aroma composition of the juice while also investigating other potentially useful indicators, including pH, titratable acidity (TA), and TSS:TA ratio.

Effects of insulin on Na and K transporters in the rat CCD.

We tested the effects of insulin (2 nM, 30-60 min) on principal cells of isolated split-open rat cortical collecting ducts (CCD) using whole-cell current measurements. Insulin addition to the superfusate of the tubules enhanced Na pump (ouabain-sensitive) current from 18 ± 3 to 31 ± 3 pA/cell in control and from 74 ± 9 to 126 ± 11 pA/cell in high K-fed animals. It also more than doubled ROMK (tertiapin-Q-sensitive) K(+) currents in control CCD from 320 ± 40 to 700 ± 80 pA/cell, although it did not affect this current in tubules from K-loaded rats.

Serotonin modulates multiple calcium current subtypes in commissural interneurons of the neonatal mouse.

Calcium currents are critical to the intrinsic properties of neurons and the networks that contain them. These currents make attractive targets for neuromodulation. Here, we examine the serotonergic modulation of specific calcium current subtypes in neonatal (P0-5) intersegmental commissural interneurons (CINs), members of the hindlimb locomotor central pattern generator in the mouse spinal cord.

The paradox of plows and productivity: an agronomic comparison of cereal grain production under Iroquois hoe culture and European plow culture in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Iroquois maize farmers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries produced three to five times more grain per acre than wheat farmers in Europe. The higher productivity of Iroquois agriculture can be attributed to two factors. First, the absence of plows in the western hemisphere allowed Iroquois farmers to maintain high levels of soil organic matter, critical for grain yields.

Potassium excretion during antinatriuresis: perspective from a distal nephron model.

Renal excretion of Na(+) and K(+) must be regulated independently within the distal nephron, but is complicated by the fact that changing excretion of one solute requires adjustments in the transport of both. It is long known that hypovolemia increases Na(+) reabsorption while impairing K(+) excretion, even when distal Na(+) delivery is little changed. Renewed interest in this micropuncture observation came with identification of the molecular defects underlying familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHH), which also increases distal Na(+) reabsorption and impairs K(+) excretion.

Regulation of epithelial Na+ channels by adrenal steroids: mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid effects.

Epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) can be regulated by both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid hormones. In the mammalian kidney, effects of mineralocorticoids have been extensively studied, but those of glucocorticoids are complicated by metabolism of the hormones and cross-occupancy of mineralocorticoid receptors. Here, we report effects of dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, on ENaC in the rat kidney.