circRNA from Gene Changes in Alzheimer's Disease Human Brain.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related dementia. Amyloid precursor protein () is the precursor of Aβ peptides, and its role in AD has been widely investigated. Recently, it has been reported that a circular RNA (circRNA) originated from gene can serve as a template for Aβ synthesis, postulating it as an alternative pathway for the Aβ biogenesis.

Pathological Features in Paediatric Patients with TK2 Deficiency.

Thymidine kinase (TK2) deficiency causes mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. We aimed to report the clinical, biochemical, genetic, histopathological, and ultrastructural features of a cohort of paediatric patients with TK2 deficiency. Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from muscle biopsies to assess depletions and deletions.

Immunosenescence: the role of age in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: The number of elderly people with multiple sclerosis (MS) has increased in line with population ageing. As the immune system presents profound changes over an individual's lifetime, it is important to understand the differences between these patients and younger patients.

Development: Immunosenescence, defined as age-related alterations naturally occurring in the immune system, particularly influences tolerance, response, and adverse effects of disease-modifying treatments for MS.

Gender-Dependent Deregulation of Linear and Circular RNA Variants of HOMER1 in the Entorhinal Cortex of Alzheimer's Disease.

The gene is involved in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Recent studies show that circular RNA derived from () expression is altered in some Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain regions. In addition, messenger (mRNA) levels have been associated with β-Amyloid (Aβ) deposits in brain cortical regions.

The Participation of Microglia in Neurogenesis: A Review.

Adult neurogenesis was one of the most important discoveries of the last century, helping us to better understand brain function. Researchers recently discovered that microglia play an important role in this process. However, various questions remain concerning where, at what stage, and what types of microglia participate.

Multiple sclerosis and aging: comorbidity and treatment challenges.

Background: The prevalence of elderly patients with MS is increasing, in conjunction with the ageing general population. This review will examine the principal characteristics of elderly patients with MS and how the concomitant pathologies affect them. Finally, it will assess the impact of the medications on these patients and whether it would be safe to discontinue the disease-modifying treatment.

Encephalopathy and encephalitis during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Spanish Society of Neurology COVID-19 Registry.

Objectives: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Spanish Society of Neurology has run a registry of patients with neurological involvement for the purpose of informing clinical neurologists. Encephalopathy and encephalitis were among the most frequently reported complications. In this study, we analyse the characteristics of these complications.

Immunosenescence: the role of age in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: The number of elderly people with multiple sclerosis (MS) has increased in line with population ageing. As the immune system presents profound changes over an individual's lifetime, it is important to understand the differences between these patients and younger patients.

Development: Immunosenescence, defined as age-related alterations naturally occurring in the immune system, particularly influences tolerance, response, and adverse effects of disease-modifying treatments for MS.

Early epigenetic changes of Alzheimer's disease in the human hippocampus.

Unlabelled: The discovery of new biomarkers would be very valuable to improve the detection of early Alzheimer's disease (AD). DNA methylation marks may serve as epigenetic biomarkers of early AD. Here we identified epigenetic marks that are present in the human hippocampus from the earliest stages of AD.

Circular RNA expression profile in blood according to ischemic stroke etiology.

Background: The discovery of novel biomarkers of stroke etiology would be most helpful in management of acute ischemic stroke patients. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been proposed as candidate biomarkers of neurological conditions due to its high stability. circRNAs function as sponges, sequestering miRNAs and are involved in most relevant biological functions.

DNA methylation signature of human hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease is linked to neurogenesis.

Background: Drawing the epigenome landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) still remains a challenge. To characterize the epigenetic molecular basis of the human hippocampus in AD, we profiled genome-wide DNA methylation levels in hippocampal samples from a cohort of pure AD patients and controls by using the Illumina 450K methylation arrays.

Results: Up to 118 AD-related differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were identified in the AD hippocampus, and extended mapping of specific regions was obtained by bisulfite cloning sequencing.

Hippocampal Gene Expression is Increased in Late-Stage Alzheimer's Disease.

Lamins are fibrillary proteins that are crucial in maintaining nuclear shape and function. Recently, B-type lamin dysfunction has been linked to tauopathies. However, the role of A-type lamin in neurodegeneration is still obscure.

PLD3 epigenetic changes in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Whole-exome sequencing has revealed a rare missense variant in PLD3 gene (rs145999145) to be associated with late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the association remains controversial and little is known about the role of PLD3 in AD. Interestingly, PLD3 encodes a phospholipase that may be involved in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing.

Evaluation of Chitotriosidase and CC-Chemokine Ligand 18 as Biomarkers of Microglia Activation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Background: The development of biomarkers for use in diagnosing, monitoring disease progression and analyzing therapeutic trials response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is essential.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify inflammatory factors in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with ALS with particular attention to specific markers of microglia activation as chitotriosidase (ChT) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) to determine its potential as ALS biomarkers.

Methods: We studied CSF and plasma samples from 32 patients and 42 healthy controls.

Liquid biopsy: a new source of candidate biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Noninvasive tests to diagnose and monitor the progression of neurodegenerative disorders have been a challenge for decades. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of applying liquid biopsy procedures to patients with a neurodegenerative disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We isolated plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in 20 ALS patients and 20 controls and used cfDNA to identify a novel differentially methylated mark in gene in ALS patients compared to controls.

CRTC1 gene is differentially methylated in the human hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease.

Background: CRTC1 (CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1) gene plays a role in synaptic plasticity, learning and long-term memory formation in the hippocampus. Recently, CRTC1 has been shown to be downregulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying CRTC1 dysregulation in AD remain unclear.