Crop rotational diversity can mitigate climate-induced grain yield losses.

Diversified crop rotations have been suggested to reduce grain yield losses from the adverse climatic conditions increasingly common under climate change. Nevertheless, the potential for climate change adaptation of different crop rotational diversity (CRD) remains undetermined. We quantified how climatic conditions affect small grain and maize yields under different CRDs in 32 long-term (10-63 years) field experiments across Europe and North America.

Long-term agro-management strategies shape soil bacterial community structure in dryland wheat systems.

Soil microbes play a crucial role in soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling and are influenced by management practices. Therefore, quantifying the impacts of various agricultural management practices on soil microbiomes and their activity is crucial for making informed management decisions. This study aimed to assess the impact of various management systems on soil bacterial abundance and diversity, soil enzyme activities and carbon mineralization potential in wheat-based systems.

When do cover crops reduce nitrate leaching? A global meta-analysis.

The global increases in the surface and groundwater nitrate (NO ) concentrations due to synthetic fertilizer input have emerged as major sustainability threats to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Cover crops can reportedly reduce nitrate leaching from croplands. However, the underlying mechanisms and the effectiveness of cover crops in reducing nitrate leaching across species, soil types, agronomic management, and climates remain elusive.

Origin and Phylogeography of Chinese Cereal Cyst Nematode Revealed by Mitochondrial COI Sequences.

, a globally distributed plant-parasitic nematode, is one of the most significant pests on cereal crops. In China, it is widely distributed in cereal-growing areas of 16 provinces and causes serious yield losses. In the present study, a total of 98 populations of were collected from major wheat-growing regions in China and six other countries.

Herbicide Efficacy of Spot Spraying Systems in Fallow and Postharvest in the Pacific Northwest Dryland Wheat Production Region.

Real-time spot spraying technology has the potential to reduce herbicide costs and slow herbicide resistance. However, few studies exist on the efficacy of this technology in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). This research compared the herbicide efficacy (reduction in weed density and cover) of WEED-IT and WeedSeeker spot spraying systems to uniform spraying in fallow and postharvest in 2019 and 2020.

Root-Lesion Nematodes Affecting Dryland Cereals in the Semiarid Pacific Northwest U.S.A.

Root-lesion nematodes ( spp.) are parasites that invade and deteriorate roots, thereby reducing the efficiency of water and nutrient uptake. and are the two species that are most prevalent and cause reduced yields of rainfed wheat and barley in semiarid regions of the Pacific Northwest.

Economic Loss from Rhizoctonia Bare Patch in Rainfed Winter Wheat and Spring Barley in Oregon.

Economic loss from Rhizoctonia bare patch, caused by AG-8, was estimated in two 50-ha fields on a single farm. A winter wheat crop was managed as a conventionally cultivated 2-year wheat/fallow rotation and a spring barley crop was managed as a no-till annual crop. Aerial photographs revealed that the patch-affected area was nearly double in barley (17%) compared with wheat (9%).

Rhizosphere community selection reveals bacteria associated with reduced root disease.

Background: Microbes benefit plants by increasing nutrient availability, producing plant growth hormones, and protecting against pathogens. However, it is largely unknown how plants change root microbial communities.

Results: In this study, we used a multi-cycle selection system and infection by the soilborne fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG8 (hereafter AG8) to examine how plants impact the rhizosphere bacterial community and recruit beneficial microorganisms to suppress soilborne fungal pathogens and promote plant growth.

Effect of Row Spacing and Seeding Rate on Russian Thistle () in Spring Barley and Spring Wheat.

Russian thistle ( L.) is a persistent post-harvest issue in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Farmers need more integrated management strategies to control it.

Baseline and Temporal Changes in Sensitivity of Isolates to Benzovindiflupyr in Oregon, U.S.A., and Cross-Sensitivity to Other SDHI Fungicides.

is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), a disease of wheat () that results in significant yield loss worldwide. 's life cycle, reproductive system, effective population size, and gene flow put it at high likelihood of developing fungicide resistance. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides (FRAC code 7) were not widely used to control STB in the Willamette Valley until 2016.

Population Dynamics of Wheat Root Pathogens Under Different Tillage Systems in Northeast Oregon.

No-till or direct seeding can be described as seeding directly into the crop stubble from the previous season without use of tillage. A reduction in tillage can result in many benefits, including increased soil organic matter, increased water holding capacity, and reduced fuel costs. However, the effect of no-till and reduced tillage on crop root disease profiles is poorly understood.

Fusarium Crown Rot of Winter Wheat Influenced by Resource Competition Near a Tree Windbreak.

Fusarium crown rot becomes most severe when wheat is stressed for water near the time of anthesis. This research examined the potential to study crown rot in the gradient of resource competition near a tree windbreak. Winter wheat was planted for 2 years into a field infested by and bordered by 17-m-high Austrian pines.

Mechanized Method to Inoculate Field Soil to Evaluate Fusarium Crown Rot of Wheat.

Assessments of Fusarium crown rot are often made in field trials inoculated with or . Factors affecting the efficiency of two inoculation procedures were evaluated. Pulverized -colonized wheat plus oat grain inoculum mixed with the wheat seed caused more seedling damping-off compared with equal rates of colonized whole millet seeds placed 2 cm above the wheat seed.

Long-term Management Effects and Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Organic Carbon in Grassland and Agricultural Soils.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is integral to soil health and agroecosystem resilience. Despite much research, understanding of temperature sensitivity of SOC under long-term agricultural management is very limited. The main objective of this study was to evaluate SOC and nitrogen (N) dynamics under grasslands and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L)-based crop rotations in the inland Pacific Northwest (IPNW), USA, and measure SOC mineralization under ambient and elevated incubation temperatures.

Fusarium Crown Rot Whitehead Symptom as Influenced by Wheat Crop Management and Sampling Date.

Symptoms of Fusarium crown rot of wheat include premature death of inflorescens (whiteheads), lesions on subcrown internodes, and rotting of crown tissue and lower stem internodes. Each symptom type is influenced by a different set of environmental conditions. Whiteheads are the easiest symptom to quantify and are frequently reported in the Pacific Northwest U.

Weed responses to fallow management in Pacific Northwest dryland cropping systems.

A two-year rotation of summer fallow (SF)/winter wheat (WW) is the most common cropping system in low precipitation areas of the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW).

Genetic Analysis of Victorin Sensitivity and Identification of a Causal Nucleotide-Binding Site Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Phaseolus vulgaris.

Cochliobolus victoria, the causal agent of Victoria blight, is pathogenic due to its production of a toxin called victorin. Victorin sensitivity in oats, barley, Brachypodium spp., and Arabidopsis has been associated with nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes, a class of genes known for conferring disease resistance.

Optical Sensing of Weed Infestations at Harvest.

Kochia ( L.), Russian thistle ( L.), and prickly lettuce ( L.

Cereal Cyst Nematodes: A Complex and Destructive Group of Heterodera Species.

Small grain cereals have served as the basis for staple foods, beverages, and animal feed for thousands of years. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice, and others are rich in calories, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. These cereals supply 20% of the calories consumed by people worldwide and are therefore a primary source of energy for humans and play a vital role in global food and nutrition security.

Variable competitive effects of fungicide resistance in field experiments with a plant pathogenic fungus.

Classic evolutionary theory suggests that mutations associated with antimicrobial and pesticide resistance result in a fitness cost in the absence of the selective antimicrobial agent or pesticide. There is experimental evidence to support fitness costs associated with resistance to anti-microbial compounds and pesticides across many biological disciplines, including human pathology, entomology, plant sciences, and plant pathology. However, researchers have also found examples of neutral and increased fitness associated with resistance, where the effect of a given resistance mutation depends on environmental and biological factors.

Resistance to Multiple Soil-Borne Pathogens of the Pacific Northwest, USA Is Colocated in a Wheat Recombinant Inbred Line Population.

Soil-borne pathogens of the Pacific Northwest decrease yields in both spring and winter wheat. Pathogens of economic importance include , , , and AG8. Few options are available to growers to manage these pathogens and reduce yield loss, therefore the focus for breeding programs is on developing resistant wheat cultivars.