Functional analyses of the salivary protein SaE23 in Sitobion avenae.

To counteract host plant defenses, aphids secrete salivary effectors during feeding. Exact functional roles of many salivary effectors in Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), are still elusive. Here, we cloned a salivary glutathione peroxidase (GPx) coding gene (i.

Spatiotemporal dissipation, metabolic dynamics and bumblebees' toxicity risk of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid in greenhouse conditions.

Some neonicotinoids have been restricted in outdoor environments due to their risks to pollinating insects, yet their safety for non-target organisms in greenhouses is still unknown. This study investigates the deposition, degradation, and metabolic dynamics of thiacloprid on greenhouse-grown tomato and assesses its toxicity risk to pollinating bumblebees from spatial and temporal perspectives. Spatially, thiacloprid initially concentrated in leaves (71 %) and flowers (23 %), with deposition in the upper plant being 1.

The kinase CPK5 phosphorylates MICRORCHIDIA1 to promote broad-spectrum disease resistance.

In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), MICRORCHIDIA 1 (MORC1), a member of the MORC family of evolutionarily conserved GHKL-type ATPases, plays important roles in multiple layers of plant immunity. However, the molecular mechanism by which MORC1 regulates plant immunity remains obscure. Here, we report that the pathogen-responsive kinase CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 5 (CPK5) directly interacts with and phosphorylates MORC1, thereby promoting its stability and nuclear translocation.

Synthesis of Polycyclic Heteroarenes via Rh(III)-Catalyzed Twofold C-H Activation of 3-Aryl-2-benzo[][1,4]oxazines and Annulation with α-Diazo-β-ketoesters.

An efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed annulation between 3-aryl-2-benzo[][1,4]oxazines and α-diazo-β-ketoesters was developed, affording a series of polycyclic heteroarenes in moderate to excellent yields with good functional group compatibility. The procedure featured high efficiency, redox neutrality, twofold -C-H activation, and dual [4 + 2] annulation. Moreover, several important intermediates and products have been isolated as powerful evidence for the proposed reaction mechanism.

Mitochondrial targeting and pH-responsive release of dual-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles as pesticide carrier.

Background: Suitable nano-pesticide carriers play a crucial role in enhancing the utilization efficiency of pesticides. Among these, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are the most promising candidates for large-scale and safe pesticide applications.

Results: In the present work, functionalized MSNs were demonstrated to be effective mitochondrial-targeted carriers for delivering strobilurin fungicides (mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors).

Overexpressing of GT8 confers resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in Alopecurus japonicus.

Background: Alopecurus japonicus is one of the most predominant weeds in wheat fields across China, where significant herbicide resistance has emerged over the past decade.

Results: When compared to the susceptible (S) population, the resistant (R) population exhibited a 9.48-fold increase in resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl.

A novel method based on lesion expansion to assess plant disease severity.

Introduction: Severity is a key indicator utilized in plant disease monitoring and pathogen-plant interaction phenotyping.

Methods: A plant disease severity assessment method based on lesion expansion was proposed in this study to more accurately and quickly assess the severity of plant diseases for which the lesion area ratio of an investigated plant unit at each severity class in the corresponding severity grading standard is not the actual ratio of the lesion area to the area of the whole investigated plant unit. By taking wheat stripe rust caused by f.

Regulation of Stomatal Responses to Pathogen and Drought Stress by the F-Box Protein AtSKIP5.

E3 ubiquitin ligases are major components of the ubiquitination cascade and contribute to the stomatal responses to pathogen and drought stress in plants. The F-box SKP1-Interacting Partners (AtSKIPs) proteins are members of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes; however, whether they have any involvement in stomatal movement remains unclear. Here, based on tissue expression profiling, we found that the AtSKIP5 protein was highly expressed in guard cells.

Potato Type I Protease Inhibitor Mediates Host Defence Against Potato Virus X Infection by Interacting With a Viral RNA Silencing Suppressor.

Counteracting plant RNA silencing ensures successful viral infection. The P25 protein encoded by potato virus X (PVX) is a multifunctional protein that acts as a viral RNA silencing suppressor (VSR). In this study, we screened out a potato type I protease inhibitor (PI) in Nicotiana benthamiana (NbPI) that interacts with P25.

Mutations in the signal peptide of effector gene Pi04314 contribute to the adaptive evolution of the Phytophthora infestans.

Background: Effectors are critical in the antagonistic interactions between plants and pathogens. However, knowledge of mutation mechanisms and evolutionary processes of effectors remains fragmented despite its importance for the sustainable management of plant diseases. Here, we used a population genetic approach to explore the evolution of the effector gene Pi04314 in Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato blight.

Overexpression of cytochrome P450 CYP71AF43 contributing resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in Alopecurus myosuroides from China.

Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides), one of the most economically destructive herbicide-resistant weeds in Europe, is rapidly expanding in winter wheat regions of China. In recent years, the recommended application rate of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in the field has failed to effectively control Alopecurus myosuroides populations, thereby threatening wheat yields at risk. In this study, we collected a suspected herbicide-resistant population (R-HB) of Alopecurus myosuroides from a wheat field in Hebei Province and confirmed its resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, with a resistance index of 26.

Insecticidal effect and mechanism of Metarhizium anisopliae ZHKUJGZ1 against Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, poses threats to biodiversity, public safety, agriculture, and the economy, especially as global trade expands its reach into China. To address this, researchers screened fungal isolates from soil in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, aiming to develop a biopesticide against RIFA. Metarhizium anisopliae, known for its biocontrol potential, was identified as a candidate.

Contribution of UDP-glycosyltransferases to clothianidin resistance in Bradysia odoriphaga.

Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play critical roles in xenobiotic detoxification and are involved in insecticide resistance. In this study, UGT inhibitors, sulfinpyrazone and 5-nitrouracil, exhibited significant synergistic effects on clothianidin in the clothianidin-resistant strain (CL-R) of Bradysia odoriphaga. UGT enzyme content was significantly higher in the CL-R strain than in the susceptible strain (SS), and both the SS and CL-R strains showed a significant upregulation of UGT content after exposure to clothianidin.

Increased expression of an isoform of the long non-coding RNA, lnc37707, is associated with malathion resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is an invasive pest threatening global fruit industries. Field populations of B. dorsalis exhibit complex insecticide resistance, hindering pest control efforts and exacerbating damage.

A tyramine receptor gene LsTAR2 is involved in reproduction and feeding in the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus.

Tyramine (TA) is an important biogenic amine present in the central nervous system of insects, and mediates a variety of physiological and behavioral functions via tyramine receptors (TARs). However, TARs have not yet been characterized in planthoppers, and their physiological functions remain poorly understood in rice pests. Here, we cloned a tyramine receptor gene (LsTAR2) from the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, one of the most destructive rice pests.

Pepper feeding derivative Brucella sp. in the gut of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) affect the growth and development of host larvae.

BLTY is a pepper cultivar that has resistance to young larvae of Spodoptera litura Fabricius, whereas FXBX is a pepper cultivar suitable for the growth of S. litura larvae. The obtained microbiomics data suggest that the BLTY leaves fed S.

Targets selection and field evaluation of an RNA biopesticide to control Phyllotreta striolata.

Phyllotreta striolata is a major insect pest that threatens vegetable crops worldwide. Recently, its increasing resistance to chemical pesticides underscores the urgent need for novel control strategies. This study explores the potential of RNA biopesticides for managing P.

Molecular docking and mutation sites of CYP57A1 enzyme with Fomesafen.

Fomesafen is a diphenyl ether herbicide developed by Zeneca Group PLC (UK), mainly used in soybean and peanut fields to control annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds. Fomesafen has strong persistence in the soil, slow degradation rate, and is prone to harm subsequent sensitive crops. This study utilized Autodock molecular docking technology to investigate the binding and interaction between degradation enzyme CYP57A1 and small molecules of fomesafen herbicides.

Comparative assays revealed distinct toxicity characterizations between pymetrozine and flonicamid.

Flonicamid is an insecticide with a unique mode of action, primarily inhibiting the feeding behavior of sap-sucking insects. However, its molecular target remains controversial. Reports indicate that both flonicamid and pymetrozine affect insect behavior and mobility.

Development and Utilization of Quantitative Detection for Probiotics Bacillus velezensis B31 with Potential Protection Against Tomato Fusarium Wilt.

The biocontrol efficacy of probiotics Bacillus velezensis B31 against fusarium wilt is contingent upon its successful colonization in the plant rhizosphere. This study aimed to develop a quantitative detection method for probiotics strain B31 and to monitor its rhizosphere dynamics. Utilizing comparative genomics, a specific gene in strain B31 was identified, which facilitated the design of precise primers and a Taqman probe.

Bacterial volatiles from aphid honeydew mediate ladybird beetles oviposition site choice.

Background: The cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii Glover is a destructive pest worldwide that causes substantial damage to diverse crops. The ladybird beetle Propylea japonica Thunberg is the dominant predatory natural enemy of A. gossypii.

Therapeutic Mechanisms of Medicine Food Homology Plants in Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from Network Pharmacology, Machine Learning, and Molecular Docking.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive function. Currently, there are no effective treatments for this condition. Medicine food homology plants have gained increasing attention as potential natural treatments for AD because of their nutritional value and therapeutic benefits.

Unraveling the Mechanism of the Endophytic Bacterial Strain GDW1 in Enhancing Tomato Plant Growth Through Modulation of the Host Transcriptome and Bacteriome.

Endophytic species from agricultural crops have been extensively studied for their plant-growth-promoting (PGP) potential, but little is known about their PGP potential when isolated from perennial trees. This study investigated the plant-growth-promoting (PGP) potential of an endophyte, GDW1, isolated from a healthy pine tree by taking tomato as a host plant. We employed multiomics approaches (transcriptome and bacteriome analyses) to elucidate the underlying PGP mechanisms of GDW1.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Antifungal Properties of 3-Indolyl-3-Hydroxy Oxindole Derivatives Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi.

To discover novel fungicides with good inhibitory effects on plant fungal diseases, twenty-five 3-indolyl-3-hydroxy oxindole derivatives (3a-3y) were synthesized. These newly derivatives were characterized by NMR and HRMS. Their antifungal activities against five plant pathogenic fungi were assessed in vitro.

An evolutionarily ancient transcription factor drives spore morphogenesis in mushroom-forming fungi.

Sporulation is the most widespread means of reproduction and dispersal in fungi and, at the same time, an industrially important trait in crop mushrooms. In the Basidiomycota, sexual spores are produced on specialized cells known as basidia, from which they are forcibly discharged with the highest known acceleration in nature. However, the genetics of sporulation remains poorly known.