Effects of continuous variation in vertical and lateral herkogamy on reproductive success in (Euphorbiaceae).

Continuous variation in herkogamy has been well reported, however, less attention has been paid to the phenomena that the consecutive expression of two types of herkogamy in the same flower. which have both vertical and lateral herkogamy, show vertical herkogamy during the female phase However, their gynophores bend to one side with the male phase and show lateral herkogamy In this study, we observed the effect of successive sexual organs movement on variation in herkogamy traits. By artificially manipulating the flower to present gynophore straightened in the floral center or bend to one side, we attempted to investigate whether herkogamy movement affects pollinator access efficiency, pollen removal and deposition, and seed set ratio.

Why flowers close at noon? A case study of an alpine species (Gentianaceae).

Repeatable floral closure with diurnal rhythms, that is, flower opening in the morning and closing in the evening, was widely reported. However, the rhythm of flower opening in the morning but closing in the midday received much less attention. , Gentianaceae, has an obvious petal movement rhythm opening in the morning and closing at noon at northeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Camouflage versus running performance as strategies against predation in a lizard inhabiting different habitats.

Running speed and camouflage are associated with the foraging and anti-predator abilities of animals. The toad-headed lizard, , has evolved a darker dorsal color in melanistic habitats and maintained a lighter color in adjacent, non-melanistic habitats. We test the hypothesis that lizards have weaker running speed on well-matching backgrounds than on less matching backgrounds.