Ecogroups and maternal haplogroups reveal the ancestral origin of native Chinese goat populations based on the variation of mtDNA D-loop sequences.

China is rich in goat breeding resources. Officially recognized local goat breeds are mainly distributed in agro-ecological regions. The population structure and matrilineal origin of native Chinese goats can be used to formulate protection and utilization strategies for these genetic resources.

High concentrations of environmental ammonia induced changes in large-scale loach () immunity.

High concentrations of environmental ammonia can cause reduced immunity and death in fish, causing enormous economic losses. Air-breathing fish usually have a high ammonia tolerance and are very suitable for high-density fish farming. However, research on the effects of environmental ammonia on air-breathing fish immunity is lacking.