Modulation of Second Messenger Signaling in the Brain Through PDE4 and PDE5 Inhibition: Therapeutic Implications for Neurological Disorders.

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes regulate intracellular signaling pathways crucial for brain development and the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Among the 11 PDE subtypes, PDE4 and PDE5 are particularly significant due to their regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling, respectively, which are vital for learning, memory, and neuroprotection. This review synthesizes current evidence on the roles of PDE4 and PDE5 in neurological health and disease, focusing on their regulation of second messenger pathways and their implications for brain function.

Automated Audit and Self-Correction Algorithm for Seg-Hallucination Using MeshCNN-Based On-Demand Generative AI.

Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly improved medical image segmentation. However, the generalization performance and potential risks of data-driven models remain insufficiently validated. Specifically, unrealistic segmentation predictions deviating from actual anatomical structures, known as a Seg-Hallucination, often occur in deep learning-based models.

Enhanced Detection Performance of Acute Vertebral Compression Fractures Using a Hybrid Deep Learning and Traditional Quantitative Measurement Approach: Beyond the Limitations of Genant Classification.

Objective: This study evaluated the applicability of the classical method, height loss ratio (HLR), for identifying major acute compression fractures in clinical practice and compared its performance with deep learning (DL)-based VCF detection methods. Additionally, it examined whether combining the HLR with DL approaches could enhance performance, exploring the potential integration of classical and DL methodologies.

Methods: End-to-End VCF Detection (EEVD), Two-Stage VCF Detection with Segmentation and Detection (TSVD_SD), and Two-Stage VCF Detection with Detection and Classification (TSVD_DC).

The Potential Clinical Utility of the Customized Large Language Model in Gastroenterology: A Pilot Study.

The large language model (LLM) has the potential to be applied to clinical practice. However, there has been scarce study on this in the field of gastroenterology. Aim: This study explores the potential clinical utility of two LLMs in the field of gastroenterology: a customized GPT model and a conventional GPT-4o, an advanced LLM capable of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG).

Breathing Easy in Maricopa County, Arizona: Empowering K-12 Schools With a Novel Nurse Coaching Model to Facilitate Implementation of a County-Wide School-Based Stock Albuterol Inhaler Program.

To reduce chronic school absenteeism and morbidity and mortality among school-aged children, the prompt administration of albuterol sulfate in schools remains vital. School-based stock inhaler programs are a practical approach to ensure equitable access to life-saving rescue medication for students. School and community partnerships can potentially strengthen program implementation and fidelity by integrating evidence-based practices into routine care.

DET induces apoptosis and suppresses tumor invasion in glioma cells via PI3K/AKT pathway.

Introduction: Gliomas, particularly glioblastomas (GBM), are highly aggressive with a poor prognosis and low survival rate. Currently, deoxyelephantopin (DET) has shown promising anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Using clinical prognostic analysis, molecular docking, and network pharmacology, this study aims to explore the primary targets and signaling pathways to identify novel GBM treatment approaches.

Suppression of dopamine receptor 2 inhibits the formation of human prostate cancer PC‑3‑derived cancer stem cell‑like cells through AMPK inhibition.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to the resistance of intractable prostate cancer, and dopamine receptor (DR)D2 antagonists exhibit anticancer activity against prostate cancer and CSCs. Human prostate cancer PC-3 cells were used to generate CSC-like cells, serving as a surrogate system to identify the specific DR subtype the inhibition of which significantly affects prostate-derived CSCs. Additionally, the present study aimed to determine the downstream signaling molecules of this DR subtype that exert more profound effects compared with other DR subtypes.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiac biomarkers: Results from the STURDY trial.

Objectives: In observational studies, older adults with low serum vitamin D levels are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but randomized trials have failed to demonstrate reduction in CVD risk from vitamin D supplementation, possibly because the doses of vitamin D supplements tested were too low. Our objective was to determine if higher doses of vitamin D supplementation reduce high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTnI) and N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), markers of subclinical CVD.

Methods: The Study to Understand Fall Reduction and Vitamin D in You (STURDY) was a double-blind, randomized, response-adaptive trial that tested the effects of 4 doses of vitamin D3 supplementation (200, 1000, 2000, 4000 IU/day) on fall risk among older adults with low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (10-29 ng/mL).

single nucleotide polymorphism reduces dabigatran acylglucuronide formation in humans.

Background: Dabigatran etexilate (DABE), a prodrug of dabigatran (DAB), is a direct thrombin inhibitor used to prevent ischemic stroke and thromboembolism during atrial fibrillation. The effect of genetic polymorphisms on its metabolism, particularly , has not been extensively explored in humans. This study aimed to investigate the effects of , , and polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of DAB and its acylglucuronide metabolites in healthy subjects.

Hospital utilization and telemedicine preferences in patients with late-stage Parkinson's disease and caregivers.

Background: There remains a significant gap in systematic research on healthcare utilization behaviors and the influencing factors for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly those in late stages.

Methods: PD patients in late stage (Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stages 4 and 5) and their caregivers from Seoul National University Hospital Movement Disorders Clinic participated. A total of 103 respondents completed a questionnaire covering medical utilization behaviors, perceptions of face-to-face and telemedicine consultations, and additional medical service needs.

Spatiotemporal regulation of alginate sub-structures at multiple scales revealed by monoclonal antibodies.

Alginates are abundant linear polysaccharides produced by brown algae and some bacteria. They have multiple biological roles and important medical and commercial uses. Alginates are comprised of D-mannuronic acid (M) and L-guluronic acid (G) and the ratios and distribution patterns of M and G profoundly impact their physiological and rheological properties.

Traditional herbal medicine for Guillain-Barré syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset disease caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system. Since most standardized treatments for GBS focus on acute phase treatment, there are limitations to the rehabilitation and management of general conditions. In East Asian countries, herbal medicine has been used to treat GBS and aid rehabilitation.

Ethnic and racial differences in children and young people with respiratory and neurological post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: an electronic health record-based cohort study from the RECOVER Initiative.

Background: Children from racial and ethnic minority groups are at greater risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but it is unclear whether they have increased risk for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Our objectives were to assess whether the risk of respiratory and neurologic PASC differs by race/ethnicity and social drivers of health.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of individuals <21 years seeking care at 24 health systems across the U.

Synthesis, Structure, and Redox Reactivity of Ni Complexes Bearing a Redox and Acid-Base Non-innocent Ligand with Ni, Ni, and Ni Formal Oxidation States.

A series of Ni complexes bearing a redox and acid-base noninnocent tetraamido macrocyclic ligand, H-(TAML-4) {H-(TAML-4) = 15,15-dimethyl-5,8,13,17-tetrahydro-5,8,13,17-tetraaza-dibenzo[]cyclotridecene-6,7,14,16-tetraone}, with formal oxidation states of Ni, Ni, and Ni were synthesized and characterized structurally and spectroscopically. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of the Ni complexes revealed a square planar geometry, and the [Ni(TAML-4)] complex with the formal oxidation state of Ni was characterized to be [Ni(TAML-4)] with the oxidation state of the Ni ion and the one-electron oxidized TAML-4 ligand, TAML-4. The Ni oxidation state and the TAML-4 radical cation ligand, TAML-4, were supported by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations.

Emergency department visits for patients with end-stage kidney disease in Korea: registry data from the National Emergency Department Information System 2019-2021.

Background: Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) frequently visit the emergency department (ED) due to complications from comorbidities and dialysis. This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes and patterns of ED visits, hospitalizations, and in-hospital mortality among ED visits by ESKD patients in South Korea.

Methods: This study utilized data from the National Emergency Department Information System from 2019 to 2021.

[Efficacy and Safety of Dual Delayed-Release Formulation of Esomeprazole in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study].

Background/aims: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic and recurrent condition requiring constant dietary management and medication. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of HIP1601, a dual delayed-release formulation of esomeprazole, in patients with GERD in a clinical setting.

Methods: This prospective, multicenter, observational study was conducted at 309 medical institutions in Korea between June 2021 and March 2023.

Frequency and Risk Factors of Advanced Neoplasia in Korean Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with Low-grade Dysplasia.

Background/aims: Studies on the clinical outcomes after detecting low-grade dysplasia (LGD) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are insufficient. This study evaluated the clinical features, frequency, and risk factors for advanced neoplasia in patients with IBD after an LGD diagnosis.

Methods: The medical records of 166 patients with IBD from six university hospitals in Korea from 2010 to 2019 were reviewed retrospectively.

[How to Achieve Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in The Korean Society of Gastroenterology?].

With the increasing emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in organizations and institutions, academic societies in gastroenterology and hepatology are beginning to take actionable steps toward achieving DEI. The successful implementation of DEI initiatives leads to excellence in the field, improved patient outcomes, particularly in areas where health disparities are prevalent, and advances in the gastrointestinal discipline. Such implementation also results in a workforce that better reflects the growing diversity of the population.

[Chemotherapy for Metastatic Gastric Cancer].

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in Korea and remains the fifth and seventh leading cause of cancer death in males and females, respectively. Although the survival rates for gastric cancer have improved, unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer still has an abysmal prognosis, and the five-year survival rate for patients with stage IV gastric cancer is approximately 6.6% in Korea.

Enhancing shelf-life of dried goji berry: Effects of drying methods and packaging conditions on browning evolution.

Preservation and shelf-life extension are of paramount importance for dried goji berry, especially those dehydrated using pulsed vacuum drying (PVD), which are generally applied for the high-quality dried products in the markets. This study compared the storage stability of dried goji berry dehydrated using PVD versus conventional hot wind drying (HWD), focusing on the complex interactions between packaging conditions and physicochemical compounds during accelerated storage. The results showed that PVD-dried goji berry exhibited higher browning degree (2.

Wound irrigation and peritoneal lavage with antiseptic/antibiotic solution before wound closure during gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) can affect mortality, morbidity, and medical costs. Although it has recently been reported that washing with antiseptic/antibiotic solution can prevent SSI in clean surgery, the clinical impact in gastrointestinal surgery is still uncertain. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of antiseptic/antibiotic solution during wound irrigation or peritoneal lavage in gastroenterological surgery.

Sex-based disparities in the association between uric acid levels and anxiety: a cross-sectional analysis of nationwide data in Korea.

Background: Uric acid has antioxidant properties, and several studies have suggested its neuroprotective effects. Despite reports of increased oxidative damage and decreased antioxidants in anxiety disorders, findings remain inconclusive. This study investigated the association between serum uric acid levels and anxiety symptoms, stratified by sex, using nationwide data from South Korea.

Honoring donors: medical students' reflections on cadaveric dissection.

Background: Cadaveric dissection is an essential practice for medical students to understand human anatomy and internalize professional attitudes toward death, such as empathy and respect for the deceased. Previous studies have focused on emotional responses such as shock, anxiety, and fear at the start of dissection practice. However, limited research exists on students' reflective thinking and perceptions before practice.

Salt-in-presalt electrolyte solutions for high-potential non-aqueous sodium metal batteries.

Room-temperature non-aqueous sodium metal batteries are viable candidates for cost-effective and safe electrochemical energy storage. However, they show low specific energy and poor cycle life as the use of conventional organic-based non-aqueous electrolyte solutions enables the formation of interphases that cannot prevent degradations at the positive and negative electrodes. Here, to promote the formation of inorganic NaF-rich interphases on both negative and positive electrodes, we propose the salt-in-presalt (SIPS) electrolyte formulation strategy.