Extensive review on breast cancer its etiology, progression, prognostic markers, and treatment.

As the most frequent and vulnerable malignancy among women, breast cancer universally manifests a formidable healthcare challenge. From a biological and molecular perspective, it is a heterogenous disease and is stratified based on the etiological factors driving breast carcinogenesis. Notably, genetic predispositions and epigenetic impacts often constitute the heterogeneity of this disease.

Lipid Profile as an Indicator of Severity in Cirrhosis of Liver: Hospital based Cross-sectional Study.

Various scoring systems are available to assess the severity of cirrhosis, that is, the Child-Pugh score and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Since the liver is the major site for converting excess carbohydrates into various lipids, the deranged lipid profile can act as a prognostic biomarker of cirrhosis. We assessed the lipid profile abnormalities among patients with cirrhosis of the liver and correlated them with the severity of cirrhosisMaterials and methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study on lipid profile as an indicator of severity in cirrhosis of the liver among patients admitted to the medical ward of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Tamil Nadu.

Association of Thyroid Function and Severity of Illness in Liver Cirrhosis as Measured by Child-Pugh Score.

Objective The main aim of this study is to understand the existing knowledge gap between thyroid function tests and the severity of liver cirrhosis as measured by the Child-Pugh score. Materials and methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 100 patients diagnosed with cirrhosis of liver. Serum triiodothyronine (free T3), thyroxine (free T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured, and the severity of liver cirrhosis was measured by Child-Pugh score and statistical analysis were done to investigate the association of free T3, free T4 and TSH levels with Child-A, Child-B, and Child-C severity groups.

A Case of Autoimmune Poly Glandular Glandular Syndrome Type 2 (Schmidt's Syndrome).

Introduction: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) type II (Schmidt's syndrome) is defined by the coexistence of autoimmune Addison's disease with autoimmune thyroid disease and/or type 1 diabetes mellitus. Patients also present with other organ specific autoimmune disorders like hypergonodotropic hypogonadism, vitiligo, chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anaemia, autoimmune chronic hepatitis and celiac disease. Many circulating organ-specific antibodies directed against endocrine organs.

Clinical utility of ultrasonography, pulse oximetry and arterial line derived hemodynamic parameters for predicting post-induction hypotension in patients undergoing elective craniotomy for excision of brain tumors - A prospective observational study.

Background: Hypotension, which is a common adverse effect of induction of anesthesia, may be especially detrimental in neurosurgical patients. Hence, it is important to investigate hemodynamic parameters which may be useful in identifying patients at risk of hypotension, following induction. Our study was designed to assess the utility of parameters derived from ultrasonography, pulse oximeter and arterial line for predicting post-induction hypotension.

Prevalence and determinants of social isolation among elderly in an urban slum of Raipur city-A community based cross-sectional study.

Background: Social isolation is a predictor of mortality and morbidity, as well as an outcome of many health-related predictors. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of social isolation among the elderly and to study factors associated with it.

Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in Urban Field Practice Area of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Chhattisgarh, India among elderly more than or equal to 60 years of age selected using random sampling.

Surgical Management of Flexion Type Supracondylar Humeral Fracture With Ulnar Nerve Injury - A Report of a Rare Case.

Supracondylar humerus fractures in children account for up to two-thirds of pediatric elbow injuries that require hospitalization. Supra-condylar fractures usually occur due to falls from height, from sports, or through acts of leisure. The estimation of their incidence is about 177.

Molecular Insights on the Therapeutic Effect of Selected Flavonoids on Diabetic Neuropathy.

One of the common clinical complications of diabetes is diabetic neuropathy affecting the nervous system. Painful diabetic neuropathy is widespread and highly prevalent. At least 50% of diabetes patients eventually develop diabetic neuropathy.

Tamil Nadu Pregnancy and Heart Disease Registry (TNPHDR): design and methodology.

Background: Cardiac disease in pregnancy is a major contributor to maternal mortality in high, middle and low-income countries. Availability of data on outcomes of pregnancy in women with heart disease is important for planning resources to reduce maternal mortality. Prospective data on outcomes and risk predictors of mortality in pregnant women with heart disease (PWWHD) from low- and middle-income countries are scarce.

Inflammatory bowel diseases in Tamil Nadu: A survey of demographics, clinical profile, and practices.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly diagnosed in South Asia. This survey by the Tamil Nadu Chapter of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology (TNISG) documents the demography, clinical profile, and therapeutic practices related to IBD in Tamil Nadu.

Methods: TNISG members from 32 institutions completed an online cross-sectional questionnaire on IBD patients from March 2020 to January 2021.

Clinical Characterization and Genomic Analysis of Samples from COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections during the Second Wave among the Various States of India.

From March to June 2021, India experienced a deadly second wave of COVID-19, with an increased number of post-vaccination breakthrough infections reported across the country. To understand the possible reason for these breakthroughs, we collected 677 clinical samples (throat swab/nasal swabs) of individuals from 17 states/Union Territories of the country who had received two doses ( = 592) and one dose ( = 85) of vaccines and tested positive for COVID-19. These cases were telephonically interviewed and clinical data were analyzed.

Profile and Epidemiology of Intussusception in Children Under-Two Years of Age: A Prospective Surveillance.

Objective: To report background intussusception epidemiology in children under-two years in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu state, India, prior to rotavirus vaccine (RVV) introduction.

Methods: Prospective sentinel surveillance was done at four hospitals in Coimbatore during April 2016 to September 2017. The children aged >1 mo and < 24 mo with diagnosed intussusception were recruited and data on clinical, treatment, diet, immunization, and sociodemography were collected.

Identification of Tibial Malrotation After Nailing Using Unique CT Scan Reference Line, and Influence of Position of Leg for Distal Locking on Rotation.

Introduction: Tibial torsion can be measured by various clinical and radiological methods. Computed tomography (CT) scan measurement is currently the investigation of choice. The purpose of our study was to compare the clinical and CT scan methods to reveal malrotation after nailing of tibia and also to find out if leg position for distal locking has any influence on incidence of malrotation.

Role of GLP-1 Analogs in the Management of Diabetes and its Secondary Complication.

The cardiovascular complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) including myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease and, stroke and retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy are microvascular complications. While the newer therapies like glitazones or even Dipeptidyl- peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors increase the risk of therapy, the Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs), were reported as suitable alternates. The GLP-1RAs reduce Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE), have anti-atherogenic potential, and possess pleiotropic activity.

Association of glycaemic status and outcomes in diabetic foot problems: a retrospective evidence from South India.

Objectives: Emerging shreds of evidence indicates that the risk of diabetic foot ulcer and associated morbidity can be reduced through the intensive glycemic control. There are very few studies which assessed the effects of glycemic control on diabetic foot problems among Indian patients. We aimed to assess the effect of glycemic control on the outcomes of diabetic foot problems among adult type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients with foot ulcers.

Current Trends in the Therapeutic Strategies for Diabetes Management.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the fastest-growing non-communicable diseases. Diabetes mellitus is caused due by the destruction of pancreatic β-cell or due to insulin resistance and characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetes imposes a very serious economic crisis as the diabetic drug market is growing very rapidly.

Berberine-A potent chemosensitizer and chemoprotector to conventional cancer therapies.

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are mainstay treatments for cancer patients. However, their clinical outcomes are highly limited by the resistance of malignant tumors to these therapies and the incurrence of serious damages in vital organs. This in turn necessitates the development of adjunct drugs that overcomes chemo/radioresistance in refractory cancers and protects vital organs from the cytotoxic effects of cancer therapies.

Intussusception after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in India.

Background: A three-dose, oral rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) was introduced in the universal immunization program in India in 2016. A prelicensure trial involving 6799 infants was not large enough to detect a small increased risk of intussusception. Postmarketing surveillance data would be useful in assessing whether the risk of intussusception would be similar to the risk seen with different rotavirus vaccines used in other countries.

Risk of intussusception after monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) in Indian infants: A self-controlled case series analysis.

Background: An association between rotavirus vaccination and intussusception has been documented in post-licensure studies in some countries. We evaluated the risk of intussusception associated with monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) administered at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age in India.

Methods: Active prospective surveillance for intussusception was conducted at 22 hospitals across 16 states from April 2016 through September 2017.