Guidelines International Network: Principles for Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Health Guideline Enterprise.

Description: Artificial intelligence (AI) has been defined by the High-Level Expert Group on AI of the European Commission as "systems that display intelligent behaviour by analysing their environment and taking actions-with some degree of autonomy-to achieve specific goals." Artificial intelligence has the potential to support guideline planning, development and adaptation, reporting, implementation, impact evaluation, certification, and appraisal of recommendations, which we will refer to as "guideline enterprise." Considering this potential, as well as the lack of guidance for the use of AI in guidelines, the Guidelines International Network (GIN) proposes a set of principles for the development and use of AI tools or processes to support the health guideline enterprise.

Severe bradycardia in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and good early response to CPAP.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) may lead to heart rhythm abnormalities including bradycardia. Our aim was to ascertain clinical and echocardiographic parameters in patients with OSA in whom severe bradycardia was detected in an outpatient setting, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of CPAP therapy on heart rate normalization at the early stages of treatment.

Methods: Fifteen patients mild, moderate or severe OSA and concomitant bradycardia were enrolled.

Mindful self-compassion for lung cancer (MSC-LC): Incorporating perspectives of lung cancer patients, clinicians, and researchers to create an adapted intervention to reduce lung cancer stigma.

Background: Stigma is a pervasive and distressing problem experienced frequently by lung cancer patients, and there is a lack of psychosocial interventions that target the reduction of lung cancer stigma. Mindful self-compassion (MSC) is an empirically supported intervention demonstrated to increase self-compassion and reduce feelings of shame and distress in non-cancer populations. However, there are several anticipated challenges for delivering MSC to lung cancer patients, and modifications may be needed to improve acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility.

The ketamine chameleon: history, pharmacology, and the contested value of experience.

Introduction: Since its synthesis in 1962, ketamine has been widely used in diverse medical contexts, from anesthesia to treatment-resistant depression. However, interpretations of ketamine's subjective effects remain polarized. Biomedical frameworks typically construe the drug's experiential effects as dissociative or psychotomimetic, while psychedelic paradigms emphasize the potential therapeutic merits of these non-ordinary states.

Multicenter validation of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnostic criteria.

Background: Five fulfilled hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-2004 criteria, and the HScore are widely used and recommended by international expert consensus to diagnose secondary HLH. Both diagnostic scores have never been validated in heterogeneous patient cohorts of secondary HLH patients. We aimed to systematically optimize and validate diagnostic criteria of secondary HLH using a multicenter approach.

Exploring the role of T cells in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases: Emerging therapeutic insights from the T Cells in the Brain symposium.

This proceedings article summarizes the inaugural "T Cells in the Brain" symposium held at Columbia University. Experts gathered to explore the role of T cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Key topics included characterization of antigen-specific immune responses, T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, microbial etiology in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and microglia-T cell crosstalk, with a focus on how T cells affect neuroinflammation and AD biomarkers like amyloid beta and tau.

Personalized Photoprotection: Expert Consensus and Recommendations From a Delphi Study Among Dermatologists.

Background: Recommending comprehensive personalized photoprotection requires an accurate assessment of the patient's skin, including phototype, lifestyle, exposure conditions, environmental factors, and concomitant cutaneous conditions as well as deep knowledge of the available options: sunscreen ingredients (type of filters, spectrum coverage, sun protection factor, enhanced active ingredients), oral photoprotection, and other methods of sun protection and avoidance.

Objectives: To establish consensus-based recommendations endorsed by an international panel of experts for personalized medical photoprotection recommendations that are applicable globally.

Methods: A two-round Delphi study was designed to determine the degree of agreement and relevance of aspects related to personalized medical photoprotection.

CARDBiomedBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Model Performance in Biomedical Research.

Backgrounds: Biomedical research requires sophisticated understanding and reasoning across multiple specializations. While large language models (LLMs) show promise in scientific applications, their capability to safely and accurately support complex biomedical research remains uncertain.

Methods: We present , a novel question-and-answer benchmark for evaluating LLMs in biomedical research.

High-throughput Mucus Microrheology for Phenotyping and Disease Modeling.

Mucus plays an integral role for the barrier function of many epithelial tissues. In the human airways, mucus is constantly secreted to capture inhaled microbes and pollutants and cleared away through concerted ciliary motion. Many important respiratory diseases exhibit altered mucus flowability and impaired clearance, contributing to respiratory distress and increased risk of infections.

Desensitization With Imlifidase for HLA-Incompatible Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation: A Delphi International Expert Consensus.

Highly sensitized (HS) patients in need of kidney transplantation (KTx) typically spend a longer time waiting for compatible kidneys, are unlikely to receive an organ offer, and are at increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Desensitization using imlifidase, which is more rapid and removes total body immunoglobulin G (IgG) to a greater extent than other methods, enables transplantation to occur between HLA-incompatible (HLAi) donor-recipient pairs and allows patients to have greater access to KTx. However, when the project was launched there was limited data and clinical experience with desensitization in general and with imlifidase specifically.

Assessing the Value of Further Investment in R&D Using Mixed Methods: A Case Study of Biosensor-Integrated Arteriovenous Grafts.

This study illustrates the utility of a mixed-methods approach in assessing the value of an example novel technology-biosensor-integrated self-reporting arteriovenous grafts (smart AVGs). Currently in preclinical development, the device will detect arteriovenous graft stenosis (surveillance-only use case) and treat stenosis (interventional use case). The approach to value assessment adopted in this study was multifaceted, with one stage informing the next and comprised a stakeholder engagement with clinical experts to explore the device's clinical value, a cost-utility analysis (CUA) from a US Medicare perspective to estimate pricing headroom, and an investment model estimating risk-adjusted net present value analysis (rNPVs) to determine commercial viability.

Predicting risk of maternal critical care admission in Scotland: Development of a risk prediction model.

Background: Identifying women at highest or lowest risk of perinatal intensive care unit (ICU) admission may enable clinicians to risk stratify women antenatally so that enhanced care or elective admission to ICU may be considered or excluded in birthing plans. We aimed to develop a statistical model to predict the risk of maternal ICU admission.

Methods: We studied 762,918 pregnancies between 2005 and 2018.

Minimising diagnostic error in paediatric critical care: a checklist approach.

Caring for critically ill children presents unique challenges due to their rapid deterioration and the need for immediate, complex interventions. The assessment, diagnosis and treatment of deteriorating paediatric patients require a comprehensive and holistic, systematic approach. However, the dynamic nature of critical illness and the need for stabilisation can often lead to missed opportunities for assessment and intervention.

Optimizing Premenopausal Hormone Receptor-Positive Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Early Breast Cancer Management in India: Insights From Expert Consensus.

This research aims to optimize adjuvant ovarian function suppression (OFS) for premenopausal Indian women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) /human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) early breast cancer (eBC). To address specific challenges identified in clinical practice, a comprehensive questionnaire consisting of 21 statements was developed. These statements were reviewed and validated by a scientific committee, ensuring their accuracy and relevance to the study's objectives.

Overview of basic design recommendations for user-centered explanation interfaces for AI-based clinical decision support systems: A scoping review.

Objective: The application of artificial intelligence (AI)-based clinical decision support systems (CDSS) in the healthcare domain is still limited. End-users' difficulty understanding how the outputs of opaque black AI models are generated contributes to this. It is still unknown which explanations are best presented to end users and how to design the interfaces they are presented in (explanation user interface, XUI).

Development of a guide for continuous positive airway pressure use - A good fit: Making continuous positive airway pressure work for you.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in veterans with mental illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Untreated OSA reduces the effectiveness of the treatment of PTSD. Treatment of OSA has been shown to reduce daytime sleepiness and symptoms of PTSD and depression.

Diagnosis and management of de novo non-specific spinal infections: European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) Spine Section Delphi consensus recommendations.

Introduction: The management of de novo non-specific spinal infections (spondylodiscitis - SD) remains inconsistent due to varying clinical practices and a lack of high-level evidence, particularly regarding the indications for surgery.

Research Question: This study aims to develop consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and management of SD, addressing diagnostic modalities, surgical indications, and treatment strategies.

Material And Methods: A Delphi process was conducted with 26 experts from the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS).

Dose Evaluation and Optimization of Amoxicillin in Children Treated for Lyme Disease.

Amoxicillin is commonly used to treat erythema migrans in the first stage of Lyme disease in children, with a recommended dose of 50 mg/kg/day, administered three times a day (q8h). This model-based simulation study aimed to determine whether splitting the same daily dose into two administrations (q12h) would provide comparable drug exposure. A pharmacokinetic model suitable for a pediatric population (age: 1 month to 18 years, weight: 4-80 kg) was selected through a literature review.

Development of Progressively Earth-Independent Medical Operations to Enable NASA Exploration Missions.

-The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) transition from operations in low-Earth orbit to long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars necessitates the development of progressively Earth-independent medical operations (EIMO) to support crews and reduce overall mission risk. Previous work has defined and laid the foundation for EIMO, but further development of the concept is required to prepare for future exploration missions. -NASA's Exploration Medical Capability element organized a series of 5 technical interchange meetings from 2023 to 2024, which included internal (NASA) and external subject-matter experts in human spaceflight, health technology, and austere medicine to create a framework for developing the technologies and procedures necessary to maintain human health and performance in a progressively Earth-independent fashion.

Development and evaluation of a Hospice Foundation of Taiwan Bereavement Assessment Scale: A psychometric properties test.

Objectives: Supporting family caregivers (FCs) is a critical core function of palliative care. Brief, reliable tools suitable for busy clinical work in Taiwan are needed to assess bereavement risk factors accurately. The aim is to develop and evaluate a brief bereavement scale completed by FCs and applicable to medical staff.

Effect of High-Fat Diets on the Pharmacokinetics of Bedaquiline Fumarate Tablet: A Trial in Healthy Chinese Participants.

Bedaquiline is employed to treat multidrug-resistant and extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis by inhibiting the proton pump of adenosine triphosphate synthase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study aims to investigate the effect of high-fat diets on the pharmacokinetics of bedaquiline through a single-center, open-label, randomized trial in healthy Chinese participants. Bedaquiline fumarate tablets were administered at a dosage of 100 mg under both fasted conditions and high-fat diet conditions.

Serotype-specific serum immunoglobulin G at 18 months of age following one or two doses of a primary series of 10-valent or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and a booster dose at nine months of age: a randomized controlled study.

Background: Due to high costs of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), transitioning from a two (2 + 1) to a single dose (1 + 1) primary series with a booster should be considered. This study evaluated the immune response at 18 months of age following a 1 + 1 compared to a 2 + 1 schedule of 10-valent (PCV10) and 13-valent (PCV13) vaccines.

Research Design And Methods: A single-center, open-label, randomized trial conducted in Soweto, South Africa, evaluated the immunogenicity of differing dosing schedule for PCV10 and PCV13.

Autism, ADHD, and Their Traits in Adults With Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder: A Scoping Review.

Objective: This review maps existing literature on the prevalence of autism and ADHD in adult patients with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and Binge Eating Disorder (BED); patient and stakeholder perspectives on this comorbidity; clinical differences in this population; and potential treatment adaptations or adjunct therapies. This is with the aim to inform future research priorities to improve clinical practice.

Method: As pre-registered, and following PRISMA guidelines, six databases (Embase, MEDLINE via Ovid, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and Scopus) were searched for studies regarding autism and/or ADHD (diagnosed, probable, or traits) in adult patients with BN or BED.

Content validation of drug problem-oriented clinical record.

Background: Worldwide, hospitals are responsible for restoring health. However, poorly executed processes in these institutions can lead to risks and harm to patients, especially in identifying drug related problems. This fact justifies the proposal of tools to support the diagnosis, management and resolution of these problems.

[Guidelines for presymptomatic genetic testing for adult-onset hereditary neuromuscular diseases in Japan].

In Japan, there are no nationwide guidelines for presymptomatic testing for hereditary neuromuscular diseases. Although each institution has been dealing with this situation by using their own procedures to date, it is necessary to develop a standardized guidelines based on the Japanese medical system, because the development of disease-modifying therapies has progressed, and we are entering an era in which early diagnosis and early treatment are necessary. The guidelines presented here were devised by the Committee on Medical Genetics of the Japan Neurological Society.