Factors associated with accelerated parenteral weaning in children with intestinal failure: A descriptive cohort study.

Background: The goal of intestinal rehabilitation in children is to wean from parenteral nutrition (PN). The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with accelerated weaning and to evaluate long-term outcomes of children receiving long-term PN.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of children managed by the Intestinal Rehabilitation Center at Cincinnati Children's Hospital.

Inter-center variations in inpatient outcomes for infants with gastroschisis from the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium.

Objective: To estimate inter-center variation (ICV) in hospital length of stay (LOS) and oral feeding at discharge among infants with gastroschisis.

Study Design: The Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium's (CHNC) database was used to identify hospitalized survivors with gastroschisis. Two outcomes were evaluated: LOS and discharge without tube feedings.

Molecular convergence of risk variants for congenital heart defects leveraging a regulatory map of the human fetal heart.

Congenital heart defects (CHD) arise in part due to inherited genetic variants that alter genes and noncoding regulatory elements in the human genome. These variants are thought to act during fetal development to influence the formation of different heart structures. However, identifying the genes, pathways, and cell types that mediate these effects has been challenging due to the immense diversity of cell types involved in heart development as well as the superimposed complexities of interpreting noncoding sequences.

Frequency and clinical characteristics of children and young people with type 2 diabetes at diagnosis from five world regions between 2012 and 2021: data from the SWEET Registry.

Aims/hypothesis: The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is increasing in young people worldwide. This study evaluated the frequency and clinical characteristics of young people presenting with type 2 diabetes from the multinational SWEET e.V Registry 2012-2021, including the first years of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Examining the associations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters across cognitive processing therapy.

Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is a well-known trauma-focused treatment that aims to generate more adaptive posttrauma cognitions and emotions. Changes in cognitions are theorized to be the mechanism by which CPT leads to improvement in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The present study aimed to explore associations between changes in PTSD symptom clusters during CPT.

Effect of cannabis use history on postoperative opioid utilization in lumbar fusion patients: an American retrospective study.

Study Design: A retrospective cohort study.

Purpose: To examine the effect of cannabis use history on postoperative opioid utilization in patients undergoing one- to three-level lumbar fusion for degenerative spine disease.

Overview Of Literature: Strategies to minimize dosing and chronic opioid use are needed for spine surgery given their widespread prescription for postsurgical pain management.

AI-PEDURO - Artificial intelligence in pediatric urology: Protocol for a living scoping review and online repository.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly being applied in pediatric urology across a growing number of settings, with more extensive databases and wider interest for use in clinical practice. More than 30 ML models have been published in the pediatric urology literature, but many lack items required by contemporary reporting frameworks to be high quality. For example, most studies lack multi-institution validation, validation over time, and validation within the clinical environment, resulting in a large discrepancy between the number of models developed versus the number of models deployed in a clinical setting, a phenomenon known as the AI chasm.

Headache trajectories in children and adolescents with new onset continuous headache.

Background: New daily persistent headache (NDPH) is a challenging and understudied primary headache disorder with no known effective treatment. Although the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria require that the new onset continuous headache be present for at least three months before diagnosing NDPH, the biologic basis for when a new, continuous headache starts to behave as NDPH is unknown, and some pediatric headache experts consider that the minimum duration criterion could be shorter.

Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the intake questionnaires and medical records of 5-17 year-olds seen in neurology clinic for headache at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

Functional Neural Networks in Human Brain Organoids.

Human brain organoids are 3-dimensional brain-like tissues derived from human pluripotent stem cells and hold promising potential for modeling neurological, psychiatric, and developmental disorders. While the molecular and cellular aspects of human brain organoids have been intensively studied, their functional properties such as organoid neural networks (ONNs) are largely understudied. Here, we summarize recent research advances in understanding, characterization, and application of functional ONNs in human brain organoids.

Localized electrocortical activity as a function of single-leg squat phases and its relationship to knee frontal plane stability.

This study investigated differences in electroencephalography (EEG) activity within motor-related brain areas during three phases of a single-leg squat (SLS)-i.e., descending, holding, and ascending phases.

Rheumatic heart disease on an Eastern Arizona Reservation, 2007-2022.

Contemporary studies of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) within American Indian communities are lacking, despite recent work indicating high rates of group A streptococcus, the precursor to RHD. Utilizing retrospective chart review of the Indian Health Service, we sought to characterize the burden of acute rheumatic fever and RHD within an American Indian tribe in Eastern Arizona. Our study found that, in line with other high-income countries, RHD in the US continues to disproportionately impact native peoples, with rates 10 times that of the general population.

The Effect of Step Stool Use on Chest Compression Quality During CPR in Young Children: Findings From the Videography in Pediatric Emergency Research (VIPER) Collaborative.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of stepstool use on chest compression (CC) quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in young children.

Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study of children <8 years of age who received CC for >2 minutes in the emergency department. Data were collected through CC monitor device and video review.

Sustained Performance of Cardiac Arrest Prevention in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Units.

Importance: The Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (PC4) cardiac arrest prevention (CAP) quality improvement (QI) project facilitated a decreased in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) incidence rate across multiple hospitals. The sustainability of this outcome has not been determined.

Objective: To examine the IHCA incidence rate at participating hospitals after the QI project ended and discern which factors best aligned with sustained improvement.

High-quality FLORET UTE imaging for clinical translation.

Purpose: To develop a robust 3D ultrashort-TE (UTE) protocol that can reproducibly provide high-quality images, assessed by the ability to yield clinically diagnostic images, and is suitable for clinical translation.

Theory And Methods: Building on previous work, a UTE sampled with Fermat looped orthogonally encoded trajectories (FLORET) was chosen as a starting point due to its shorter, clinically reasonable scan times. Modifications to previous FLORET implementations included gradient waveform frequency limitations, a new trajectory ordering scheme, a balanced SSFP implementation, fast gradient spoiling, and full inline reconstruction.

Assessing Social Determinants of Health During Critical Illness: Implications and Methodologies.

A growing body of literature has identified social determinants of health (SDoH) as potential contributors to health disparities in pediatric critical illness. Pediatric critical care providers should use validated screening tools to identify unmet social needs and ensure appropriate referral through multisector partnerships. Pediatric critical care researchers should consider factors outside of race and insurance status and explore the association between neighborhood-level factors and disparate health outcomes during critical illness.

APOE-NOTCH axis governs elastogenesis during human cardiac valve remodeling.

Valve remodeling is a process involving extracellular matrix organization and elongation of valve leaflets. Here, through single-cell RNA sequencing of human fetal valves, we identified an elastin-producing valve interstitial cell (VIC) subtype (apolipoprotein E (APOE), elastin-VICs) spatially located underneath valve endothelial cells (VECs) sensing unidirectional flow. APOE knockdown in fetal VICs resulted in profound elastogenesis defects.

Evaluation of Inhaled Nitric Oxide Generation Systems at Altitude.

Introduction: Inhaled nitric oxide (INO) is a selective pulmonary vasodilator delivered from compressed gas cylinders filled to 2,200 psig (137.8 bar) with 800 ppm of NO in a balance of nitrogen. NO is currently FDA-approved for use in term or near-term infants with hypoxemia and signs of pulmonary hypertension in the absence of cardiac disease.

The safety and efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA injections for children and adolescents with chronic migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To qualitatively and quantitatively summarize the evidence for the use of onabotulinumtoxinA injections in children and adolescents with migraine.

Background: There are limited evidence-based treatment options for youth with migraine, especially youth with chronic migraine (CM). OnabotulinumtoxinA injections are an established evidence-based treatment for adults with CM.