Renaming of the genus Flavivirus to Orthoflavivirus and extension of binomial species names within the family Flaviviridae.

This review provides a summary of the recently ratified changes to genus and species nomenclature within the virus family Flaviviridae along with reasons for these changes. First, it was considered that the vernacular terms "flaviviral", "flavivirus", and "flaviviruses" could under certain circumstances be ambiguous due to the same word stem "flavi" in the taxon names Flaviviridae and Flavivirus; these terms could either have referred to all viruses classified in the family Flaviviridae or only to viruses classified in the included genus Flavivirus. To remove this ambiguity, the genus name Flavivirus was changed to Orthoflavivirus by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

Geographical and Tick-Dependent Distribution of Flavi-Like Alongshan and Yanggou Tick Viruses in Russia.

The genus includes related, unclassified segmented flavi-like viruses, two segments of which have homology with flavivirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5 and RNA helicase-protease NS3. This group includes such viruses as Jingmen tick virus, Alongshan virus, Yanggou tick virus and others. We detected the Yanggou tick virus in and ticks in two neighbouring regions of Russia.

Isolation and characterization of Wad Medani virus obtained in the tuva Republic of Russia.

Wad Medani virus (WMV) belongs to the genus Orbivirus and is a poorly studied arbovirus with unclear medical significance. Presently, a limited number of WMV strains are characterized and available in NCBI GenBank, some isolated many years ago. A new WMV strain was isolated in 2012 from Dermacentor nuttalli ticks collected from sheep in the Tuva Republic, Russia, and sequenced using high-throughput methods.

Gut microbiome signature of Viliuisk encephalomyelitis in Yakuts includes an increase in microbes linked to lean body mass and eating behaviour.

Background: Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VE) is a rare endemic neurodegenerative disease occurring in the Yakut population of Northeastern Siberia. The main clinical features of VE are spasticity, dysarthria, dementia, central paresis and paralysis, and cortical atrophy observed via MRI. Many hypotheses have been proposed regarding its etiology, including infectious agents, genetics, environmental factors, and immunopathology.

TBEV Subtyping in Terms of Genetic Distance.

Currently, the lowest formal taxon in virus classification is species; however, unofficial lower-level units are commonly used in everyday work. () is a species of mammalian tick-borne flaviviruses that may cause encephalitis. Many known representatives of are grouped into subtypes, mostly according to their phylogenetic relationship.

Baltic Group Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Phylogeography: Systemic Inconsistency Pattern between Genetic and Geographic Distances.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) is a dangerous arbovirus widely distributed in Northern Eurasia. The area of this pathogen changes over time. At the beginning of the 2000s, the Ixodes tick populations in Karelia increased.

Vectors of disease at the northern distribution limit of the genus Dermacentor in Eurasia: D. reticulatus and D. silvarum.

The two ixodid tick species Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius) and Dermacentor silvarum Olenev occur at the northern distribution limit of the genus Dermacentor in Eurasia, within the belt of [Formula: see text] latitude. Whilst the distribution area of D. reticulatus extends from the Atlantic coast of Portugal to Western Siberia, that of D.

Isolation and Characterisation of Alongshan Virus in Russia.

In recent decades, many new flavi-like viruses have been discovered predominantly in different invertebrates and, as was recently shown, some of them may cause disease in humans. The Jingmenvirus (JMV) group holds a special place among flaviviruses and flavi-like viruses because they have a segmented ssRNA(+) genome. We detected Alongshan virus (ALSV), which is a representative of the JMV group, in ten pools of adult ticks collected in two geographically-separated Russian regions.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: An Emerging Ancient Zoonosis?

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the most important viral zoonosis transmitted by the bite of infected ticks. In this study, all tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) E gene sequences available in GenBank as of June 2019 with known date of isolation ( = 551) were analyzed. Simulation studies showed that a sample bias could significantly affect earlier studies, because small TBEV datasets ( = 50) produced non-overlapping intervals for evolutionary rate estimates.

First detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks and their rodent hosts in Moscow, Russia.

Here, we report the first confirmed autochthonous tick-borne encephalitis case diagnosed in Moscow in 2016 and describe the detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in ticks and small mammals in a Moscow park. The paper includes data from two patients who were bitten by TBEV-infected ticks in Moscow city; one of these cases led to the development of the meningeal form of TBE. Both TBEV-infected ticks attacked patients in the same area.

Ixodid ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus prevalence in the South Asian part of Russia (Republic of Tuva).

The most significant processes of arbovirus evolution can be expected to occur in the territories where ticks of different species cohabitate and at the boundaries of virus occurrence, where the probability of the appearance of new virus variants is high due to the possible shift in the main vectors and/or vertebrate hosts. One of the most interesting regions in this regard is the Republic of Tuva. Since most of its territory is covered by mountain ranges and intermountain basins, we were able to study the distribution of vectors and viruses in geographically isolated areas at different altitudes and in various landscapes.

Isolation of known and potentially pathogenic tick-borne microorganisms from European ixodid ticks using tick cell lines.

Ticks harbour and, in many cases transmit to their vertebrate hosts, a wide variety of pathogenic, apathogenic and endosymbiotic microorganisms. Recent molecular analyses have greatly increased the range of bacterial species potentially associated with ticks, but in most cases cannot distinguish between surface contaminants, microorganisms present in the remains of the previous blood meal and truly intracellular or tissue-associated bacteria. Here we demonstrate how tick cell lines, primary cell cultures and organ cultures can be used to isolate and propagate bacteria from within embryonic and adult Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks originating from different parts of Europe.

Precise tracking of vaccine-responding T cell clones reveals convergent and personalized response in identical twins.

T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire data contain information about infections that could be used in disease diagnostics and vaccine development, but extracting that information remains a major challenge. Here we developed a statistical framework to detect TCR clone proliferation and contraction from longitudinal repertoire data. We applied this framework to data from three pairs of identical twins immunized with the yellow fever vaccine.

Ability of inactivated vaccines based on far-eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus strains to induce humoral immune response in originally seropositive and seronegative recipients.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) remains one of the major public health concerns in northern Eurasia, and its' area is expanding. TBE virus (TBEV) includes three subtypes and several monophyletic groups, cocirculating in Russia. Five inactivated vaccines are used for TBE prophylaxis.

Experimental Evaluation of the Protective Efficacy of Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) Vaccines Based on European and Far-Eastern TBEV Strains in Mice and .

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), caused by the TBE virus (TBEV), is a serious public health threat in northern Eurasia. Three subtypes of TBEV are distinguished. Inactivated vaccines are available for TBE prophylaxis, and their efficacy to prevent the disease has been demonstrated by years of implication.

NLRX1 resides in mitochondrial RNA granules and regulates mitochondrial RNA processing and bioenergetic adaptation.

The role of mitochondria is emerging in regulation of innate immunity, inflammation and cell death beyond its primary role in energy metabolism. Mitochondria act as molecular platform for immune adaptor protein complexes, which participate in innate immune signaling. The mitochondrial localized immune adaptors are widely expressed in non-immune cells, however their role in regulation of mitochondrial function and metabolic adaption is not well understood.

Influence of Descriptor Implementation on Compound Ranking Based on Multiparameter Assessment.

Most of the common molecular descriptors have numerous different implementations. This can influence the results of compound prioritization based on the multiparameter assessment (MPA) approach that allows a medicinal chemist to simultaneously analyze and achieve the desired balance of the diverse and often conflicting molecular and pharmacological properties. In this study, we analyzed the feasibility of using different implementations of common descriptors (logP, logS, TPSA, logBB, hERG, nHBA) interchangeably in predesigned sets of requirements in the course of multiparameter compound optimization.

COMPARISON OF RESULTS OBTAINED BY ELISA AND NEUTRALIZATION TEST IN ASSESSING THE PROTECTION OF POPULATION FROM TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS.

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the neutralization test (NT) are often used to determine the level of seropositive population and to evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccines. ELISA provides information on the total pool of antiviral antibodies, while NT allows the antiviral protection level of a person to be estimated. It is assumed that the 1:100 titer in ELISA and the 1:10 titer in NT are protective.

Implication of KRT16, FAM129A and HKDC1 genes as ATF4 regulated components of the integrated stress response.

The ATF4 transcription factor is a key regulator of the adaptive integrated stress response (ISR) induced by various stresses and pathologies. Identification of novel transcription targets of ATF4 during ISR would contribute to the understanding of adaptive networks and help to identify novel therapeutic targets. We were previously searching for genes that display an inverse regulation mode by the transcription factors ATF4 and p53 in response to mitochondrial respiration chain complex III inhibition.

Comparative proteomics as a tool for identifying specific alterations within interferon response pathways in human glioblastoma multiforme cells.

An acquisition of increased sensitivity of cancer cells to viruses is a common outcome of malignant progression that justifies the development of oncolytic viruses as anticancer therapeutics. Studying molecular changes that underlie the sensitivity to viruses would help to identify cases where oncolytic virus therapy would be most effective. We quantified changes in protein abundances in two glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines that differ in the ability to induce resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection in response to type I interferon (IFN) treatment.

Evaluation of the population heterogeneity of TBEV laboratory variants using high-throughput sequencing.

We studied minor variants within two tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) populations with a common ancestor: the mouse brain-adapted variant EK-328c and the tick-adapted variant M. High-throughput sequencing with custom amplicons from RT-PCR viral RNA was performed on Illumina MiSeq 2*250 paired-end v2 chemistry. Using the LowFreq program (default settings) and Sanger-sequenced consensus as a reference, variants with an abundance of 1 % and above within the studied populations were identified.

Development and evaluation of a RT-qPCR assay for fast and sensitive rabies diagnosis.

Rabies virus is endemic to Russia, among other countries. It is therefore critical to develop a high-quality and high-precision diagnostic procedure for the control and prevention of infection. The main objective of the research presented here was to develop a reliable RT-qPCR assay for rabies diagnostics.

Independent evolution of tetraloop in enterovirus oriL replicative element and its putative binding partners in virus protein 3C.

Background: Enteroviruses are small non-enveloped viruses with a (+) ssRNA genome with one open reading frame. Enterovirus protein 3C (or 3CD for some species) binds the replicative element oriL to initiate replication. The replication of enteroviruses features a low-fidelity process, which allows the virus to adapt to the changing environment on the one hand, and requires additional mechanisms to maintain the genome stability on the other.

Properties of the tick-borne encephalitis virus population during persistent infection of ixodid ticks and tick cell lines.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a vector-borne zoonotic neuroinfection. For successful circulation in natural foci the virus has to survive in the vector for a long period of time. Information about the effect of long-term infection of ticks on properties of the viral population is of great importance.

Bioselection of coxsackievirus B6 strain variants with altered tropism to human cancer cell lines.

Cancer cells develop increased sensitivity to members of many virus families and, in particular, can be efficiently infected and lysed by many low-pathogenic human enteroviruses. However, because of their great genetic heterogeneity, cancer cells display different levels of sensitivity to particular enterovirus strains, which may substantially limit the chances of a positive clinical response. We show that a non-pathogenic strain of coxsackievirus B6 (LEV15) can efficiently replicate to high titers in the malignant human cell lines C33A, DU145, AsPC-1 and SK-Mel28, although it displays much lower replication efficiency in A431 and A549 cells and very limited replication ability in RD and MCF7 cells, as well as in the normal lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 and the immortalized mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A.