Type 2 diabetes: a sacrifice program handling energy surplus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with obesity, while interactions between the two diseases remain to be fully elucidated. To this point, we offer this perspective to introduce a set of new insights into the interpretation of T2DM spanning the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment approaches. These include a definition of T2DM as an energy surplus-induced diabetes characterized by the gradual decline of β cell insulin secretion function, which ultimately aims to prevent the onset of severe obesity through mechanisms of weight loss.

The effects of mirror therapy with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on motor and sensory functions in patients with common peroneal nerve injury.

Background: Injuries to the common peroneal nerve often result in significant sensory and motor function loss, severely affecting patients' quality of life. Although existing treatments, including medication and surgery, provide some degree of efficacy, their effectiveness is limited by factors such as tolerance and adverse side effects.

Methods: This study aims to evaluate the effects of a 4-week regimen of mirror therapy combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on lower limb function, muscle strength, and sensation in patients with common peroneal nerve injuries.

Study of dynamic brain function in irritable bowel syndrome via Hidden Markov Modeling.

Background And Purpose: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common bowel-brain interaction disorder whose pathogenesis is unclear. Many studies have investigated abnormal changes in brain function in IBS patients. In this study, we analyzed the dynamic changes in brain function in IBS patients using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM).

Biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion over decades: a journey from measurements and modeling to mechanistic insights.

Glucose-stimulated insulin release from pancreatic β-cells is critical for maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. An abrupt increase in blood glucose concentration evokes a rapid and transient rise in insulin secretion followed by a prolonged, slower phase. A diminished first phase is one of the earliest indicators of β-cell dysfunction in individuals predisposed to develop type 2 diabetes.

Chronic cold exposure reprograms feeding-regulated LPL activity in white adipose tissues through hepatic ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8.

Graphical Abstract Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mediates peripheral tissue triglyceride (TG) uptake. Hepatic ANGPTL3 (A3) and ANGPTL8 (A8) form a complex and inhibit LPL activity in the white adipose tissue (WAT) via systematic circulation. ANGPTL4 (A4) is expressed in WAT and inhibits LPL activity locally.

CIDEC/FSP27 exacerbates obesity-related abdominal aortic aneurysm by promoting perivascular adipose tissue inflammation.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is strongly correlated with obesity, partially due to the abnormal expansion of abdominal perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector C (CIDEC), also known as fat-specific protein 27 (FSP27) in rodents, is specifically expressed in adipose tissue where it mediates lipid droplet fusion and adipose tissue expansion. Whether and how CIDEC/FSP27 plays a role in AAA pathology remains elusive.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates mitophagy by maintaining PINK1 stability.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in glycolysis. Glucose metabolism is closely implicated in the regulation of mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy for the degradation of damaged mitochondria. The PPP and its key enzymes such as G6PD possess important metabolic functions, including biosynthesis and maintenance of intracellular redox balance, while their implication in mitophagy is largely unknown.

Assisted Fermentation by a Modified Strain Producing Protease Improved the Quality of Sufu.

Traditionally fermented sufu is popular because of its flavor, abundance of nutrients, and long shelf life. However, traditional sufu is difficult to produce via industrial processes because of dominant microorganism attenuation during fermentation. Herein, specific protease-producing strains were isolated from traditional sufu.

Neuroinflammation mediates the progression of neonate hypoxia-ischemia brain damage to Alzheimer's disease: a bioinformatics and experimental study.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can generally be divided into focal damage and diffuse damage, and neonate Hypoxia-Ischemia Brain Damage (nHIBD) is one of the causes of diffuse damage. Patients with nHIBD are at an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the shared pathogenesis of patients affected with both neurological disorders has not been fully elucidated.

Association between social networks and cognitive impairment among older Chinese adults: the mediating effect of depression.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the rationality of the social networks-depression-cognitive impairment pathway and to provide recommendations for the development of mild cognitive impairment intervention strategies.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2021. Sixteen urban communities in Xi 'an, Shaanxi China were selected as sample sites.

AI-Assisted Compressed Sensing Enables Faster Brain MRI for the Elderly: Image Quality and Diagnostic Equivalence with Conventional Imaging.

Purpose: Conventional brain MRI protocols are time-consuming, which can lead to patient discomfort and inefficiency in clinical settings. This study aims to assess the feasibility of using artificial intelligence-assisted compressed sensing (ACS) to reduce brain MRI scan time while maintaining image quality and diagnostic accuracy compared to a conventional imaging protocol.

Patients And Methods: Seventy patients from the department of neurology underwent brain MRI scans using both conventional and ACS protocols, including axial and sagittal T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences and T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence.

Risk Factors of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Adults with Fever of Unknown Origin: A Retrospective Study.

Purpose: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a critical syndrome with a high mortality rate. In clinical practice, some patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) can develop HLH, further complicating the diagnosis and treatment. However, studies on HLH in adults with FUO are limited.

Lesion Location and Possible Etiology of Acute Unilateral Vestibulopathy.

Objective: Acute unilateral vestibulopathy (AUVP) is quite common in clinical practice, but lesion localization and etiological diagnosis of AUVP remain the current clinical challenges, and have always been the focus for researchers. The study aimed to explore the lesion site and possible etiology of AUVP.

Methods: This study is a retrospective study.

New insights into freshwater ascomycetes: discovery of novel species in diverse aquatic habitats.

During investigations of freshwater fungi in Hunan and Yunnan provinces, China, sp. nov. (Nectriaceae), sp.

Analysis and validation of serum biomarkers in brucellosis patients through proteomics and bioinformatics.

Introduction: This study aims to utilize proteomics, bioinformatics, and machine learning algorithms to identify diagnostic biomarkers in the serum of patients with acute and chronic brucellosis.

Methods: Proteomic analysis was conducted on serum samples from patients with acute and chronic brucellosis, as well as from healthy controls. Differential expression analysis was performed to identify proteins with altered expression, while Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was applied to detect co-expression modules associated with clinical features of brucellosis.

Fecal propionate is a signature of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective: To investigate the roles of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods: The levels of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) in 83 patients with PCOS and 63 controls were measured, and their relationships with various metabolic parameters were analyzed. Intestinal microbiome analysis was conducted to identify relevant bacteria.

Infectious bursal disease virus affecting interferon regulatory factor 7 signaling through VP3 protein to facilitate viral replication.

Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-mediated type I interferon antiviral response is crucial for regulating the host following viral infection in chickens. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a double-stranded RNA virus that induces immune suppression and high mortality rates in chickens aged 3-6 weeks. Previous studies have shown that IBDV infection antagonizes the type I interferon production to facilitate viral replication in the cell, and IRF7 signaling might play an important role.

Model construction and clinical therapeutic potential of engineered cardiac organoids for cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Engineered cardiac organoids are being developed and used to replicate cardiac tissues supporting cardiac morphogenesis and development. These organoids have applications in drug screening, cardiac disease models and regenerative medicine.

Skeletal organoids.

The skeletal system, composed of bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, and tendons, serves as the foundation for maintaining human posture, mobility, and overall biomechanical functionality. However, with ageing, chronic overuse, and acute injuries, conditions such as osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, muscle atrophy, and ligament or tendon tears have become increasingly prevalent and pose serious clinical challenges. These disorders not only result in pain, functional loss, and a marked reduction in patients' quality of life but also impose substantial social and economic burdens.

Future perspectives: advances in bone/cartilage organoid technology and clinical potential.

Bone and cartilage tissues are essential for movement and structure, yet diseases like osteoarthritis affect millions. Traditional therapies have limitations, necessitating innovative approaches. Organoid technology, leveraging stem cells' regenerative potential, offers a novel platform for disease modelling and therapy.

Cardiac organ chip: advances in construction and application.

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide, and effective treatment for cardiac disease has been a research focal point. Although the development of new drugs and strategies has never ceased, the existing drug development process relies primarily on rodent models such as mice, which have significant shortcomings in predicting human responses. Therefore, human-based in vitro cardiac tissue models are considered to simulate physiological and functional characteristics more effectively, advancing disease treatment and drug development.