Executive function fails to predict smoking outcomes in a clinical trial to motivate smokers to quit.

Background: Executive function (EF) is considered an important mediator of health outcomes. It is hypothesized that those with better EF are more likely to succeed in turning their intentions into actual health behaviors. Prior studies indicate EF is associated with smoking cessation.

Within-person associations of young adolescents' physical activity across five primary locations: is there evidence of cross-location compensation?

Background: Youth are active in multiple locations, but it is unknown whether more physical activity in one location is associated with less in other locations. This cross-sectional study examines whether on days with more physical activity in a given location, relative to their typical activity in that location, youth had less activity in other locations (i.e.

Interactions of psychosocial factors with built environments in explaining adolescents' active transportation.

The present study examined independent and interacting associations of psychosocial and neighborhood built environment variables with adolescents' reported active transportation. Moderating effects of adolescent sex were explored. Mixed-effects regression models were conducted on data from the Teen Environment and Neighborhood observational study (N=928) in the Seattle, WA and Baltimore regions 2009-2011.

Vape Shop Density and Socio-Demographic Disparities: A US Census Tract Analysis.

Introduction: Vape shops are an emerging business specializing in the sales and promotion of e-cigarette, e-juice, and other vaping products. This study sought to evaluate the associations between vape shop density and socio-demographic characteristics at the US census tract level.

Methods: Vape shop data (n = 9943) were collected from three online directories: Yelp.

Reexamining the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey for Parents of Young Children in a Sample of Children Using Insulin Pumps.

Background: We update the psychometric properties of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-Parents of Young Children (HFS-PYC), a 26-item measure of parents' hypoglycemia fear for young children using an insulin pump.

Methods: We combined three similar datasets for the analyses. The data analyzed included parents' responses to the HFS-PYC and a demographic form.

Expectations for Treatment in Pediatric Weight Management and Relationship to Attrition.

Background: Attrition in pediatric weight management negatively impacts treatment outcomes. A potentially modifiable contributor to attrition is unmet family expectations. This study aimed to evaluate the association between adolescent and parent/guardian treatment expectations and attrition.

Physical activity, eating traits and weight in young adulthood: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

Objective: To investigate the association between eating traits (e.g. dietary restraint or opportunistic eating) and weight - both cross-sectionally and longitudinally - and whether physical activity (PA) moderates these associations.

Using EP50 to forecast treatment adherence in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Much like delay discounting, probability discounting may be related to a host of pro-health behaviors. In a recent report, a Medical Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) was developed that leveraged this insights of probability discounting to both describe ways that multiple sclerosis (MS) patients weigh costs and benefits when making adherence choices, and predicted their self-reported treatment adherence. The current re-analysis of those data use a novel EP50 measure as a framework of a model that predicted the cost/benefit ratios necessary for the choices of typically non-adherent patients to become indistinguishable from those of typically adherent patients (and vice versa).

Implicit Attitudes and Smoking Behavior in a Smoking Cessation Induction Trial.

Introduction: Although studies have suggested that implicit attitudes may predict smoking-related decisions, evidence that changes in implicit attitudes toward smoking are related to changes in smoking behavior is lacking. Using data from a trial comparing interventions to induce quit attempts among unmotivated smokers, this study examined whether changes in implicit attitudes were associated with quit attempts and cessation after controlling for explicit motivation.

Methods: Daily smokers recruited from the community completed measures of implicit attitudes (Implicit Association Test) and explicit measure of motivation to smoke at baseline, mid-intervention (week 12 [W12]) and follow-up (week 26 [W26]).

Motivational interviewing and the decisional balance procedure for cessation induction in smokers not intending to quit.

Introduction: The decisional balance (DB) procedure examines the pros and cons of behavior change and was considered a component in early formulations of Motivational Interviewing (MI). However, there is controversy and conflicting findings regarding the use of a DB exercise within the treatment of addictions and a need to clarify the role of DB as a component of MI.

Methods: College tobacco smokers (N=82) with no intentions on quitting were randomly assigned to receive a single counseling session of either Motivational Interviewing using only the decisional balance component (MIDB), or health education around smoking cessation (HE).

The Interactive Effect of Diabetes Family Conflict and Depression on Insulin Bolusing Behaviors for Youth.

Objective: Adherence to type 1 diabetes management declines as children enter adolescence. For youth, psychosocial variables including mood and interpersonal relationships play a large role in diabetes maintenance. The current study assessed the unique and interactive roles diabetes family conflict and depression have on insulin bolusing behaviors for youth ages 10-16 years.

The Influence of Televised Food Commercials on Children's Food Choices: Evidence from Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activations.

Objective: To investigate how food commercials influence children's food choices.

Study Design: Twenty-three children ages 8-14 years provided taste and health ratings for 60 food items. Subsequently, these children were scanned with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging while making food choices (ie, "eat" or "not eat") after watching food and nonfood television commercials.

Healthy eating decisions require efficient dietary self-control in children: A mouse-tracking food decision study.

Learning how to make healthy eating decisions, (i.e., resisting unhealthy foods and consuming healthy foods), enhances physical development and reduces health risks in children.

Patient Attendance and Outcomes in a Structured Weight Management Program.

Objectives: To determine service utilization and identify patient characteristics associated with service utilization in youth with obesity presenting for structured weight management, and to explore weight-related outcomes associated with service utilization.

Study Design: In this retrospective study conducted between January 2008 and December 2013, we examined variables associated with the care of 2089 patients aged 2-18 years presenting for an initial visit to 2 tertiary care-based, multidisciplinary structured weight management clinics.

Results: Only 53% of patients returned for a second visit, 29% returned for a third visit, and virtually none (0.

Recruiting unmotivated smokers into a smoking induction trial.

Little is known about effective methods to recruit unmotivated smokers into cessation induction trials, the reasons unmotivated smokers agree to participate, and the impact of those reasons on study outcomes. A mixed-method approach was used to examine recruitment data from a randomized controlled cessation induction trial that enrolled 255 adult smokers with low motivation to quit. Over 15 months, 33% of smokers who inquired about the study were enrolled.

Sleep duration and its impact on adherence in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Adherence to the type 1 diabetes (T1D) regimen, while predictive of glycemic control, decreases during adolescence. For adolescents, attaining adequate sleep is an additional challenge. This study evaluates the impact of sleep on adherence in teens with T1D.

Psychological Reactions Associated With Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Youth.

Glucose monitoring is prerequisite to all other diabetes self-care behaviors and helps patients to reduce their risk for diabetes-related complications due to elevated glycemia. Because of the amount of information available and the ability to deliver glucose results in real-time, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has the ability to improve on self-monitoring blood glucose. However, epidemiologic data demonstrate slow uptake of CGM by patients, especially among youth.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Outpatient Protocol for Transitioning Children from Tube to Oral Feeding: No Need for Amitriptyline.

Objective: To assess the role of amitriptyline in the effectiveness of an outpatient protocol for weaning medically complicated children from tube to oral feeding.

Study Design: Twenty-one children seen in multidisciplinary outpatient feeding teams across 4 sites were recruited to a randomized placebo-controlled trial of a 6-month outpatient treatment protocol with behavioral, oral-motor, nutrition, and medication components.

Results: All of the children who completed the 6-month program (73%) were weaned to receive only oral feeding, regardless of group assignment.

Physical Examination Findings Among Children and Adolescents With Obesity: An Evidence-Based Review.

Overweight and obesity affects 1 in 3 US children and adolescents. Clinical recommendations have largely focused on screening guidelines and counseling strategies. However, the physical examination of the child or adolescent with obesity can provide the clinician with additional information to guide management decisions.

Effectiveness of a Hospital-Based Multidisciplinary Pediatric Weight Management Program: Two-Year Outcomes of PHIT Kids.

Objective: For children with obesity, long-term sustainability of weight loss after treatment is difficult to achieve. This study examined 2-year anthropometric outcomes of a moderately intensive group behaviorally based weight management program.

Methods: One hundred seventy-three children with obesity ages 8-18 years participated with their parent or adult caregiver in a 24-week multicomponent intervention, which was followed by monthly sessions for a total of 2 years.

Making the Business Case for Coverage of Family-Based Behavioral Group Interventions for Pediatric Obesity.

Background: Pediatric obesity presents a significant burden. However, family-based behavioral group (FBBG) obesity interventions are largely uncovered by our health care system. The present study uses Return on Investment (ROI) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) analyses to analyze the business side of FBBG interventions.

Psychosocial Aspects of Obesity.

This article is the sixth in a series of the comorbidities of childhood obesity and reviews psychosocial aspects with a focus on weight-based victimization and discrimination stemming from weight bias and stigma. Outcomes from these bullying and discriminatory experiences are pervasive and impact youth across all settings, including school. Lastly, this article provides recommendations on how to reduce bias and stigma to better serve these students in the school environment.

Locations of Physical Activity as Assessed by GPS in Young Adolescents.

Objectives: To compare adolescents' physical activity at home, near home, at school, near school, and at other locations.

Methods: Adolescents (N = 549) were ages 12 to 16 years (49.9% girls, 31.

Dog walking among adolescents: Correlates and contribution to physical activity.

Purpose: To assess the association of dog walking with adolescents' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and body mass index (BMI), and identify correlates of dog walking.

Methods/design: Participants were 12-17year-olds (n=925) from the Baltimore, MD and Seattle, WA regions. Differences in accelerometer-assessed minutes/day of MVPA and self-reported BMI (percentile) were compared among adolescents (1) without a dog (n=441) and those with a dog who (2) did (≥1days/week, n=300) or (3) did not (n=184) walk it.

Relationship between Objectively Measured Transportation Behaviors and Health Characteristics in Older Adults.

This study used objective Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to investigate the relationship between pedestrian and vehicle trips to physical, cognitive, and psychological functioning in older adults living in retirement communities. Older adults (N = 279; mean age = 83 ± 6 years) wore a GPS and accelerometer for 6 days. Participants completed standard health measures.