Preferred Language and Race Impact Code Status in Critically Ill Children.

Importance: Few studies have assessed the relationships between language, race, and code status in a PICU.

Objectives: We aimed to identify whether non-English language preference (NELP) or race was associated with code status in a PICU.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of 45,143 patients admitted to the PICU between January 2013 and December 2022, excluding those with pre-PICU do not resuscitate (DNR) orders.

Salivary cortisol is not associated with dexamethasone response in preterm infants with evolving bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Objective: Short-term treatment efficacy of systemic dexamethasone (DEX) in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is highly variable. Our objective was to assess if salivary cortisol may serve as a reliable biomarker of steroid response.

Study Design: Multi-site prospective observational cohort study.

Empowering Data Sharing in Neuroscience: A Deep Learning De-identification Method for Pediatric Brain MRIs.

Background And Purpose: Privacy concerns, such as identifiable facial features within brain scans, have hindered the availability of pediatric neuroimaging datasets for research. Consequently, pediatric neuroscience research lags adult counterparts, particularly in rare disease and under-represented populations. The removal of face regions (image defacing) can mitigate this, however existing defacing tools often fail with pediatric cases and diverse image types, leaving a critical gap in data accessibility.

Liberation from Respiratory Support in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Objective: To estimate the association between the mode of respiratory support administered at 36 weeks' post-menstrual age (PMA) with time-to-liberation from respiratory support (LRS) in infants with grade 2/3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Study Design: Daily respiratory support data were abstracted for infants born <32 weeks' gestation with grade 2/3 BPD enrolled in the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Database between 2017 and 2022. The main exposure was the mode of respiratory support received at 36 weeks' PMA: high flow nasal cannula >2 L/min (HFNC), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), or mechanical ventilation (MV).

Effects of airway clearance in hospitalized children with neurologic impairment.

Airway clearance therapies (ACT) are often used to optimize respiratory function for children with neurologic impairment (CNI) hospitalized with acute respiratory infections (ARI). In a five-center retrospective cohort study of CNI aged 1-18 years hospitalized between 2013 and 2015 with ARI, we assessed the association of admission ACT with hospital outcomes (days to return to baseline respiratory support and length of stay [LOS]). Generalized estimated equation (GEE) models examined the association between ACT and outcomes, while accounting for clustering.

Cardiogenic Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a known cause of morbidity and mortality in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD), but reports about the burden of cardiogenic NEC frequently conflict. To synthesize the extant literature on the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of NEC in patients with CHD. Medline, Cochrane, and EMBASE were searched from 1946 through 2023 for studies of NEC in infants 0-12 months of age with CHD.

Firearm-related Hospitalizations and Newly Acquired Morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Nationally Representative Study.

Background: Firearm injury is the leading cause of pediatric death in the United States (US), but few investigations have focused on the healthcare cost and burden of hospitalized survivors. We aimed to delineate the landscape of pediatric firearm hospitalizations, with a focus on sociodemographic characteristics and on acquired morbidity among survivors.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized children (<21 years old) with firearm injuries using the 2019 Kids' Inpatient Database, representing 80% of pediatric hospitalizations nationally.

Current state of quality improvement research across cardiac ICUs: a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society (PCICS) survey.

Background: Outcomes for children with heart disease improved over the past decades. Quality improvement (QI) research in paediatric cardiac critical care is a key driver of improvement. The availability and variability of QI research across the field is unknown.

Liver Lymphatic Anatomy and Its Role in Systemic Health and Disease.

Lymphatic anatomy of the abdomen is reviewed with focus on hepatic and mesenteric vessels in normal and pathologic conditions. Anatomy and pathophysiology is highlight using both specialized fluoroscopy and T2 Dynamic Contrast MR lymphangiography (DCMRL). Plastic bronchitis, chylothorax, protein losing enteropathy, and both cirrhosis and ascites due to hepatic lymphatics are highlighted.

Imaging and Interventional Management of Lymphatic Disorders.

Lymphatic flow disorders are reviewed, and a classification based on magnetic resonance lymphography findings outlined. Examples of successful interventional management based on this classification are provided. Presented at the 2023 ISL International Congress of Lymphology, Genoa, Italy in a special symposium on central and regional lymphatic system in health and disease.

Lymphatic Imaging and Intervention in Central Lymphatic Disorders.

Advances in lymphatic imaging for both diagnosis and intervention are reviewed, and specific examples given for protein-losing enteropathy, multi compartment lymphatic failure, congestive heart failure. Presented at the 2023 ISL International Congress of Lymphology, Genoa, Italy in a special symposium on central and regional lymphatic system in health and disease.

Success and opportunities of the American Academy of Pediatrics Marshall Klaus research grant program in neonatal-perinatal medicine.

Background: Physician-scientists are a crucial link between clinical practice and research. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) initiated the Marshall Klaus Perinatal Research Award to enhance the development of research skills among physicians training in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine.

Methods: In this study, we sought to identify trends in funding along with geographical and demographic variables of the applicants and mentees and assess the applicants' scholarly productivity and funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Education Research: Quality and Validity Evidence for a National In-Training Examination for Epilepsy Fellows.

Background And Objectives: Epilepsy education has been transformed over the past 2 decades, leading to a need for structured formative assessment tools. The American Epilepsy Society developed the Epilepsy Fellowship In-Training Examination (EpiFITE) to provide high-quality formative assessment for fellows, to stimulate program improvement, and to guide future learning and teaching. The aim of this study was to explore validity evidence for the EpiFITE in meeting these goals.

Rheum for Improvement? Delayed Diagnosis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Narrative Review.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease of childhood and a disease for which we have safe and effective therapies. Early diagnosis of JIA enables timely initiation of therapy and improves long-term disease outcomes. However, many patients with JIA experience prolonged diagnostic delays and have a turbulent course to diagnosis.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and diuretic use in an outpatient setting.

Introduction: During Neonatal Intensive Care Unit hospitalization, children born preterm with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are frequently prescribed diuretics for chronic respiratory symptoms. However, less is known about diuretic use and weaning in an outpatient setting. The study sought to characterize clinical features associated with outpatient diuretic use and timing of diuretic weaning in children with BPD.