2,754 results match your criteria: "Childhood HIV Disease"

Global burden of tuberculous meningitis in children aged 0-14 years in 2019: a mathematical modelling study.

Lancet Glob Health

January 2025

Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.

Background: Tuberculous meningitis is fatal if untreated and can lead to lifelong neurological sequelae. However, to our knowledge, there are no data on the number of children affected by this disease. We aimed to estimate the global disease burden and attributable mortality of childhood tuberculous meningitis by WHO regions, age groups, treatment status, and HIV status in 2019.

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Failure to rapidly diagnose tuberculosis disease (TB) and initiate treatment is a driving factor of TB as a leading cause of death in children. Current TB diagnostic assays have poor performance in children, and identifying novel non-sputum-based TB biomarkers to improve pediatric TB diagnosis is a global priority. We sought to develop a plasma biosignature for TB by probing the plasma proteome of 511 children stratified by TB diagnostic classification and HIV status from sites in four low- and middle-income countries, using high-throughput data-independent acquisition mass-spectrometry (DIA-PASEF-MS).

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Background: Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have the potential to improve health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by aiding health workers to strengthen service delivery, as well as by helping patients and communities manage and prevent diseases. It is crucial to understand how best to implement mHealth within already burdened health services to maximally improve health outcomes and sustain the intervention in LMICs.

Objective: We aimed to identify key barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of mHealth interventions for infectious diseases in LMICs, drawing on a health systems analysis framework.

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Introduction: Childhood mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders (MBDD) are common and are associated with poor health and well-being. Monitoring the prevalence of MBDDs among children and factors that may influence health outcomes is important to understanding risk and promoting population health.

Method: We examined trends in parent-reported lifetime MBDDs among children and associated health promotion and risk indicators from 2016 through 2021 by using data from the National Survey of Children's Health.

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Surgery for bronchiectasis in children living with HIV: A case series from a low- to middle-income country.

Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med

October 2024

Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.

Background: Bronchiectasis (BE) in children living with HIV (CLWH) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in tuberculosis (TB)-endemic low- and middle-income countries. Treatment modalities for BE in CLWH currently focus mainly on prevention of infections and management of symptoms, while surgical management is indicated for a select group. In contrast, surgical management in non-cystic fibrosis BE is well established.

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Pregnancy Outcomes and All-Cause Mortality After Pregnancy Among US-Born Women With Perinatally Acquired HIV.

J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr

January 2025

New York City Department of Health of Mental Hygiene, Bureau of HIV, New York City, NY.

Background: Maternal and pregnancy outcomes among women with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) versus women with HIV acquired through other routes (NPHIV) are not fully understood.

Setting: US-born women during 2005-2015 in New York City.

Methods: We used data from the New York City HIV surveillance registry, Expanded Perinatal Surveillance database, and Vital Statistics, to compare pregnancy and all-cause mortality outcomes among women with PHIV versus NPHIV delivering infants during 2005-2015.

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Introduction: Malnutrition contributes to 45% of all childhood deaths globally, but these modelled estimates lack direct measurements in countries with high malnutrition and under-5 mortality rates. We investigated malnutrition's role in infant and child deaths in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network.

Methods: We analysed CHAMPS data from seven sites (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and South Africa) collected between 2016 and 2023.

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Article Synopsis
  • HEU (HIV-exposed uninfected) children face a higher risk of hospitalization and mortality compared to HUU (HIV-unexposed uninfected) children, prompting a closer look at their health outcomes.
  • A study of 1486 children revealed that HEU children had significantly higher rates of hospitalization mortality and were more prone to wasting and stunting.
  • Despite similar illness severity and resource use in hospitals, HEU children had longer stays and a two-fold increased risk of dying within 30 days of hospitalization compared to HUU peers.
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Psychosocial factors account for a proportion of the difference in cognitive performance between persons with and without HIV.

AIDS

December 2024

HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

Objective: To investigate whether psychosocial factors account for a proportion of the difference in cognitive performance between persons with and without HIV.

Design: Cross-sectional study of 273 participants (178 persons with HIV) from a low income area of Cape Town, South Africa.

Methods: Participants completed comprehensive cognitive testing (7 domains) and 12 psychosocial measures (5 current: income, occupation, assets, accommodation, depressive symptoms, 7 from childhood: assets, quality of education, exposure to childhood trauma and violence, primary caregiver occupation and highest level of education), as well as demographic measures standard in cognition studies (age, sex, years of education).

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Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory illness among young children. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed, uninfected (HEU) children experience a higher burden of RSV disease and have immune abnormalities that may influence their responses to live-attenuated RSV vaccines.

Methods: In a pooled analysis of clinical trials of 7 live-attenuated, intranasal RSV vaccines conducted by the IMPAACT Network among children 6 to <25 months of age with serum RSV-neutralizing titers of <1:40, the infectivity and immunogenicity of these vaccines were compared among HEU and HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU) children.

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In sub-Saharan Africa, children with severe malnutrition (SM) and HIV have substantially worse outcomes than children with SM alone, facing higher mortality risk and impaired nutritional recovery post-hospitalisation. Biological mechanisms underpinning this risk remain incompletely understood. This case-control study nested within the CHAIN cohort in Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, and Burkina Faso examined effect of HIV on six months post-discharge growth among children with SM and those at risk of malnutrition, assessed proteomic signatures associated with HIV in these children, and investigated how these systemic processes impact post-discharge growth in children with SM.

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Article Synopsis
  • Ring-enhancing lesions are commonly found in patients with weakened immune systems, often due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or cancer, and can result from infections, tumors, or vascular issues.
  • A South American male in his 30s, with no previous medical history, arrived at the emergency department after a seizure, leading to brain imaging that revealed a solitary ring-enhancing lesion.
  • Despite thorough testing and consultations, including negative results for major infections, it was determined that the lesion stemmed from a prior infection, making this case significant given his lack of known risk factors.
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Childhood trauma, substance use and depressive symptoms in people with HIV during COVID-19.

S Afr J Psychiatr

October 2024

Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), substance use, depressive symptoms, and HIV outcomes in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) have not been comprehensively investigated within a single study.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and association of ACEs, substance use, depressive symptoms and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outcomes in PLWHIV accessing HIV care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Setting: District hospital HIV clinic in South Africa.

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Primary ciliary dyskinesia: Meeting the challenges of diagnosis in South Africa.

S Afr Med J

August 2024

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.

Article Synopsis
  • Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system, leading to issues like bronchial inflammation and difficulty clearing mucus.
  • The prevalence of PCD, especially in low- and middle-income countries like South Africa, is unclear due to diagnostic challenges and a high burden of other respiratory diseases.
  • To improve diagnosis, the commentary suggests establishing specialized centers in South Africa for PCD assessment and creating awareness about the condition, focusing on early identification to prevent long-term respiratory damage.
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Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have debilitating effects on child well-being, with consequences persisting into adulthood. Most ACE studies have been conducted in high-income countries and show a graded relationship between multiple ACE exposures and adverse health outcomes. Less is known about the types and burden of ACEs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

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Background: In South Africa, women disproportionately bear the burden of intimate partner violence (IPV), HIV or AIDS, and poor mental health.

Objective: This study investigated parenting practices among women affected by IPV, HIV and poor mental health syndemics.

Study Setting: The study was conducted in two sites, a peri-urban area and a rural area in Mpumalanga, South Africa.

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Malignant lymphoma is an unusual form of gallbladder neoplasm. Almost all these tumors are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas. Herein, we present a literature review of gallbladder Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cases that includes also an unpublished case in an HIV-infected child, observed by our center.

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Despite the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing the global incidence of vertical HIV transmissions, more than 120,000 children are still infected with the virus each year. Since ART cannot clear the HIV reservoir that is established soon after infection, children living with HIV (CLWH) are forced to rely on therapy for their lives and suffer from long-term drug-related complications. Pediatric HIV infection, like adult infection, is associated with gut microbial dysbiosis, loss of gut epithelial integrity, bacterial translocation, CD4 + T cell depletion, systemic immune activation, and viral reservoir establishment.

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In 2014, the World Health Organisation (WHO) published target product profiles (TPP) for development of novel tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics. One of the key highlights is the need for point-of-care non-sputum-based tests capable of detecting all forms of TB through identification of characteristic biomarkers or biosignatures. Compared to the limitations associated with sputum-based TB tests, non-sputum samples are easy to collect, non-invasive, with potential to improve TB diagnosis among children and among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV).

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Objectives: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine/tenofovir to prevent HIV in individuals with hepatitis B virus (HBV) raises concerns about HBV reactivation when stopping event-driven PrEP or redundancy in HBV treatment for continuous PrEP (since tenofovir alone would be enough for HBV). Real-world data from PrEP services could provide useful epidemiological information on HBV prevalence in PrEP attendees in low-prevalence countries.

Methods: A retrospective analysis on PrEP attendees of three services in northern Italy were conducted to assess HBV prevalence among PrEP attendees and the need for primary cycle/booster dose HBV vaccination despite previous vaccination during childhood (at birth or 12 years).

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Varicella is a childhood disease characterized by its self-limiting and benign nature. However, it can also affect the adult population due to risk factors, leading to infection with numerous complications involving the central nervous system, kidneys, respiratory system, and skin. Varicella pneumonia, one of the most feared complications in adults, occurs in approximately 1 out of 400 patients with the disease.

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Article Synopsis
  • The 2022 mpox outbreak in Berlin primarily affected men who have sex with men (MSM), highlighting a need to understand the prevalence of undiagnosed cases.
  • A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 1,119 MSM participants who provided socio-demographic data and blood samples for serological analysis to identify mpox infections.
  • The study found that 7.4% reported a previous mpox diagnosis and identified an additional 91 cases of suspected undiagnosed infections, with those affected more likely to have had multiple condomless anal sex partners.
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Article Synopsis
  • - Over 16 million children were born HIV-free despite exposure during pregnancy by 2022, but those who are HIV-free exhibit worse health and development outcomes, leading to the need for further research on their long-term effects compared to unexposed children.
  • - The SHINE trial in rural Zimbabwe tracked growth and cognitive development in children born HIV-free compared to unexposed children, evaluating participants at age 7 using a variety of assessments that included measurements of height, haemoglobin, cognitive abilities, and physical fitness.
  • - The study aimed to understand the differences in health outcomes between the two groups and utilized advanced statistical methods to analyze the collected data, considering various demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting the children's development.
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