An Examination of Underlying Domains in Childhood Adversity: A Scoping Review of Studies Conducting Factor Analyses on Adverse Childhood Experiences.

There is an abundance of research linking experiences of childhood adversity to negative physical and mental health outcomes. Areas that remain to be explored and expanded upon include the ideal set of events for inclusion in measures of childhood adversity and testing the models of risk (e.g.

Sex and intelligence quotient differences in age of diagnosis among youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental condition and is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Research suggests that some populations, such as females and individuals with high intelligence quotients may be a risk for late ADHD diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Our goal is to advance our understanding of ADHD diagnosis, by examining (1) how child sex and cognitive abilities together are related to the age of diagnosis and (2) whether symptom presentation, current internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and demographic factors are related to age of diagnosis.

Caregiver and Clinician Experience With Virtual Services for Children and Youth With Complex Needs During COVID-19.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, support services for children and youth quickly shifted to virtual means. To continue delivering essential, trauma-informed, specialized services, the center transitioned to providing most services by phone/video conference.

Method: A quality improvement project using survey methods was conducted to determine if virtual delivery was timely and satisfactory for inpatient and outpatient care.

Interrupting the Cycle: Association of Parental Stress and Child/Youth Psychotropic Medication Nonadherence.

Efficacy of psychotropic medication depends in large part on successful adherence to prescribed regimens. This study investigated child/youth nonadherence in relation to family dynamics and informal support. The participants were 10,225 children and youth prescribed psychotropic medication and receiving services from 50 Ontario mental health agencies, assessed with the interRAI™ Child and Youth Mental Health (ChYMH) and ChYMH-Developmental Disability (ChYMH-DD) tools.

An Examination of Correlates of Quality of Life in Children and Youth With Mental Health Issues.

Quality of life (QoL) is significantly lower in children with mental health issues compared to those who are typically developing or have physical health problems. However, little research has examined factors associated with QoL in this particularly vulnerable population. To address this limitation, 347 clinically referred children and adolescents were assessed using the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health (ChYMH) Assessment and Self-reported Quality of Life- Child and Youth Mental Health (QoL-ChYMH).

Re-Accessing Mental Health Care After Age 18: A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Youth Involved with Community-based Child and Youth Mental Health Agencies in Ontario.

Objective: About 20-26% of children and youth with a mental health disorder (depending on age and respondent) report receiving services from a community-based Child and Youth Mental Health (CYMH) agency. However, because agencies have an upper age limit of 18-years old, youth requiring ongoing mental health services must "transition" to adult-oriented care. General healthcare providers (e.

Predicting patterns of service utilization within children's mental health agencies.

Background: Some children with mental health (MH) problems have been found to receive ongoing care, either continuously or episodically. We sought to replicate patterns of MH service use over extended time periods, and test predictors of these patterns.

Methods: Latent class analyses were applied to 4 years of visit data from five MH agencies and nearly 6000 children, 4- to 13-years-old at their first visit.

An Exploration of Positive Parenting in Relation to Psychopathology for Youth with a Diagnosis of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder.

Objective: Bipolar Spectrum Disorder (BSD) is a severe psychiatric disorder associated with a host of deleterious sequelae. While researchers have found a robust link between parenting variables and psychopathology for youth with BSD, few have examined positive parenting factors and associated psychopathology for these youth. Furthermore, conclusions from extant literature are hindered by a) exploring a limited range of parenting variables and b) employing retrospective reports of parenting with adult populations.

Interventions in ADHD: A comparative review of stimulant medications and behavioral therapies.

ADHD has a prevalence of approximately 10% in children with evidence supporting it's continuance into adulthood. This has a significant impact on how we address treatment at substance abuse facilities and also has implications for personal and occupational functioning. A lack of evidence to support the superiority of any one intervention over the other has created difficulties for both clinicians and parents.

Adverse effects of psychotropic medications in children: predictive factors.

Objective: Despite limited information related to efficacy in children, psychotropic medications are commonly prescribed as a first-line treatment for a range of psychiatric diagnoses in children in a variety of clinical settings. Usage has increased over the past three decades. Although psychotropic medications are often effective at treating psychiatric symptoms, the risk of adverse effects (AE) in children is unclear.

Predicting length of stay and readmission for psychiatric inpatient youth admitted to adult mental health beds in Ontario, Canada.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine demographic, background, and psychopathology variables that predict length of stay and readmission among youth with mental health needs.

Method: We analyzed data on 2445 youth who were admitted into adult psychiatric beds in Ontario, Canada. Multiple regression was used to examine length of stay, whereas logistic regression was used to examine the predictors of readmission.

Psychotropic medication monitoring checklists: use and utility for children in residential care.

Objective: To develop side effect (SE) monitoring checklists for four categories of psychotropic medications (antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, stimulants, and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors), to improve residential direct care staff's confidence and competence in SE monitoring, and to facilitate communication of potential observed SE to medical personnel (e.g., nurse, physician).

Child and parent engagement in the mental health intervention process: a motivational framework.

Background: This article proposes a conceptual model of child and parent engagement in the mental health intervention process.

Method: A scoping review was performed of articles on predictors of engagement in mental health interventions, the effectiveness of engagement interventions, and interpersonal aspects of care. A comprehensive search of PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES was performed for literature published in English from 2000 to 2012.

Discharge of adolescents with mental health problems against medical advice: findings from adult mental health inpatient facilities across Ontario, Canada.

Little is known about discharge against medical advice (DAMA) among adolescents with mental health problems. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of DAMA and provide some insight into the factors that influence DAMA among adolescents with mental health problems using a large dataset from Ontario, Canada. Data on 1811 adolescents aged 14-18 years who were discharged from adult mental health beds between October 2005 and March 2010 were analyzed using logistic regression.

An exploratory study of the factors associated with medication nonadherence among youth in adult mental health facilities in Ontario, Canada.

Although the issue of medication nonadherence among children and youth appears to be high, there is a paucity of research examining associated factors related to medication nonadherence among youth with mental health difficulties. Using logistic regression, this exploratory study sought to examine specific factors associated with medication nonadherence among youth with mental health needs in Ontario, Canada. Data on 3681 youth between the ages of 12-18 years old were obtained from the Resident Assessment Instrument for Mental Health (RAI-MH).

Prescription medication misuse among adolescents with severe mental health problems in Ontario, Canada.

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of prescription medication misuse among adolescents with severe mental health problems in Ontario, Canada, and to explore some of the factors that influence the misuse of prescription medication. Data were obtained from the Resident Assessment Instrument for Mental Health. A total of 2,677 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 years who were admitted into adult mental health beds were analyzed.

Factors associated with the use of intrusive measures at a tertiary care facility for children and youth with mental health and developmental disabilities.

This study seeks to identify some of the explanatory factors associated with the use of intrusive measures among children with mental health and developmental disabilities in psychiatric facilities. Intrusive intervention data were collected using an organizational database that was developed internally at a tertiary care facility. The sample was composed of 338 children/youth aged between 6 and 18 years (mean = 12.

The use of Pro Re Nata or Statim medications for behavioral control: a summary of experience at a tertiary care children's mental health center.

The present study aims to identify patterns for use of medication given pro re nata (PRN or "on an as needed [preordered] basis") or statim (STAT [a new order] or "at once, immediately") and their efficacy in controlling aggressive behavior in the mental health (MH) services environment. PRN and STAT medication data were combined and referred to as PRN throughout this article, as the data were not collected in a manner required to differentiate between PRN and STAT medication administration. Analyzed data were extracted from the clinical records of a sample of children and youth admitted for the first time to a tertiary MH center.

Outcome of EEGs ordered at a regional children's mental health service.

Introduction: Clinical practice guidelines in child psychiatry recommend doing an EEG when warranted based upon a complete history and physical examination. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario published guidelines as to when an EEG is likely to provide useful information.

Method: All the electroencephalograms ordered at a tertiary care children's mental health centre over about a 2 year period were reviewed and compared to the guidelines published by the Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons for ordering EEGs.

Features and impacts of five multidisciplinary community-university research partnerships.

Despite the increasing number of multidisciplinary community-university research partnerships designed to address real-world issues, little is known about their nature. This article describes the features and impacts of five research partnerships addressing health or social service issues, which constituted a convenience sample from the province of Ontario, Canada. The article describes their characteristics, ways of operating, outputs, types of requests received from community members and mid-term impacts.

A measure of community members' perceptions of the impacts of research partnerships in health and social services.

Currently, there are no psychometrically sound outcome measures by which to assess the impacts of research partnerships. This article describes the development of a 33-item, survey questionnaire measuring community members' perceptions of the impact of research partnerships addressing health or social issues. The Community Impacts of Research Oriented Partnerships (CIROP) was developed using information from the literatures on health promotion, community development, research utilization, and community-based participatory research, and from focus groups involving 29 key informants.

Understanding the link between maternal adult attachment classifications and thoughts and feelings about emotions.

The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between maternal representations of attachment, as assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1996), and mothers' thoughts and feelings about their own emotions and emotions emerging in their toddlers. Eighty-nine adolescent mothers completed the AAI and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) and Katz, Gottman, Shapiro, and Carrere's (1997) meta-emotion interview for parents of toddlers. Autonomous mothers demonstrated the most open and flexible mindset around a variety of emotions in themselves and their toddlers.

Measuring the self-esteem of adolescents with mental health problems: theory meets practice.

Occupational therapists frequently address the self-esteem of young clients despite little empirical evidence that the clients have low self-esteem to begin with, and that occupational therapy intervention is effective in addressing self-esteem. This article examines the self-esteem of 39 adolescents with mental health problems referred to a pre-vocational programme in an effort to compare clinical practice with empirical findings. The Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents and the Importance Rating Scale for Adolescents are employed to compare the self-esteem of the adolescents with mental health problems with the normative sample, prior to (n = 39) and upon completion of the pre-vocational programme (n = 14).

A therapist's guide to children's self-esteem.

The term self-esteem is frequently used by occupational therapists and other health care professionals who work with children. There are differing interpretations as to what this term actually means. In this article, we use Susan Harter's model of self-esteem to define the nature of self-esteem and apply it to clinical practice.