Autogenous cultured growth plate chondrocyte transplantation in the treatment of physeal injury in rabbits.

Objectives: The aim of this experimental study on New Zealand's white rabbits was to investigate the transplantation of autogenous growth plate cells in order to treat the injured growth plate. They were assessed in terms of measurements of radiological tibial varus and histological characteristics.

Methods: An experimental model of plate growth medial partial resection of the tibia in 14 New Zealand white rabbits was created.

Physical activity in children: prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

There is strong evidence that increased physical activity is beneficial for blood glucose homeostasis and the prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This chapter takes a life course approach with an emphasis on the intrauterine and childhood stages of life. Firstly, growth and development at critical periods with a focus on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue; then, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are considered in relation to physical activity and sedentary behaviour.

Second Bacteremia During Antibiotic Treatment in Children With Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Report From the Canadian Infections in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research Group.

Background: The risk of second bacteremia during antibiotic treatment for initial bacteremia is unknown in high-risk populations. Our objectives were to describe the prevalence of second bacteremia during treatment and identify risk factors in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study that included children and adolescents with de novo, non-M3 AML who were diagnosed and treated between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2004 at 15 Canadian centers.

National and regional estimates of term and preterm babies born small for gestational age in 138 low-income and middle-income countries in 2010.

Background: National estimates for the numbers of babies born small for gestational age and the comorbidity with preterm birth are unavailable. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of term and preterm babies born small for gestational age (term-SGA and preterm-SGA), and the relation to low birthweight (<2500 g), in 138 countries of low and middle income in 2010.

Methods: Small for gestational age was defined as lower than the 10th centile for fetal growth from the 1991 US national reference population.

Association of early childhood abdominal circumference and weight gain with blood pressure at 36 months of age: secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study.

Objectives: To assess whether changes in measures of fat distribution and body size during early life are associated with blood pressure at 36 months of age.

Design: Analysis of data collected from a prospective cohort study.

Setting: Community-based investigation in Southampton, UK.

Qualitative study of Nocebo Phenomenon (NP) involved in doctor-patient communication.

Background: Doctor-patient communication has far reaching influences on the overall well-being of the patients. Words are powerful tools in the doctor's armamentarium, having both healing as well as harming effects. Doctors need to be conscious about the choice of their words.

Achieving universal access and moving towards elimination of new HIV infections in Cambodia.

Introduction: In the mid-1990s, Cambodia faced one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in Asia. For its achievement in reversing this trend, and achieving universal access to HIV treatment, the country received a United Nations millennium development goal award in 2010. This article reviews Cambodia's response to HIV over the past two decades and discusses its current efforts towards elimination of new HIV infections.

Child maltreatment and household dysfunction: associations with pubertal development in a British birth cohort.

Background: We aimed to establish the association between adverse childhood experiences (maltreatment and household dysfunction) and pubertal maturation, which is associated with later health outcome(s).

Methods: The 1958 British birth cohort (n = 17 638) includes all born in one week, March 1958, followed up to mid adulthood. Pubertal stage was rated by medical personnel at 11 and 16 years of age (y).

Intrapartum-related neonatal encephalopathy incidence and impairment at regional and global levels for 2010 with trends from 1990.

Background: Intrapartum hypoxic events ("birth asphyxia") may result in stillbirth, neonatal or postneonatal mortality, and impairment. Systematic morbidity estimates for the burden of impairment outcomes are currently limited. Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) following an intrapartum hypoxic event is a strong predictor of long-term impairment.

Automatic detection of anomalies in screening mammograms.

Background: Diagnostic performance in breast screening programs may be influenced by the prior probability of disease. Since breast cancer incidence is roughly half a percent in the general population there is a large probability that the screening exam will be normal. That factor may contribute to false negatives.

Efficacy of metformin versus insulin in the management of pregnancy with diabetes.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of metformin with insulin in the management of pregnancy with diabetes.

Study Design: Randomized clinical trial.

Place And Duration Of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maternal and Child Health Centre (MCH), Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, from May 2010 to January 2011.

Trends in resting pulse rates in 9-11-year-old children in the UK 1980-2008.

Objective: Little is known about whether levels of physical fitness, which is related to adiposity and physical activity (PA), have changed in children, particularly the progressive increase in childhood obesity levels. We aimed to examine the time trends in resting pulse rate (a marker of physical fitness) among UK children, in order to better understand the trends in levels of physical fitness in recent decades.

Design And Setting: We used a cross-sectional study design and included data on over 22 000 children aged 9-11 years (mean 10.

Vitamin B12: one carbon metabolism, fetal growth and programming for chronic disease.

This review brings together human and animal studies and reviews that examine the possible role of maternal vitamin B12 (B12) on fetal growth and its programming for susceptibility to chronic disease. A selective literature review was undertaken to identify studies and reviews that investigate these issues, particularly in the context of a vegetarian diet that may be low in B12 and protein and high in carbohydrate. Evidence is accumulating that maternal B12 status influences fetal growth and development.

Predictors and outcomes of viridans group streptococcal infections in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: from the Canadian infections in AML research group.

Background: Viridans group streptococci (VGS) cause significant morbidity in children treated for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our goals were to determine the occurrence and impact of these infections in children treated for AML and to understand the factors that increase the risk of VGS infections and viridans streptococcal shock syndrome (VSSS) in this population.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study that included children ≤18 years of age with de novo AML treated at 15 Canadian centers.

Adverse childhood experiences and child-to-adult height trajectories in the 1958 British birth cohort.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (maltreatment and household dysfunction) are associated with adult cardiovascular disease (CVD). One possible pathway is through physical development, which has been linked to CVD risk. Our aim was to examine whether adverse childhood experiences are associated with child-to-adult height trajectories.

Mortality risk in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants in low-income and middle-income countries: a pooled country analysis.

Background: Babies with low birthweight (<2500 g) are at increased risk of early mortality. However, low birthweight includes babies born preterm and with fetal growth restriction, and not all these infants have a birthweight less than 2500 g. We estimated the neonatal and infant mortality associated with these two characteristics in low-income and middle-income countries.

Analysis of early vascular and neurological complications of supracondylar humerus fractures in children.

Background: Supracondylar fracture of the humerus is one of the most common elbow injuries in children. It represents 60% elbow fractures and 16% all pediatric fractures. Extension-type fracture is the most frequent mechanism of this injury.

Childhood psychosocial adversity and adult cortisol patterns.

Background: Cortisol levels may be altered in childhood in association with maltreatment (neglect, abuse and witnessing abuse) and other adversities, yet little is known about whether effects on cortisol persist into later life.

Aims: To establish whether childhood psychosocial adversities predict cortisol levels in mid-adulthood.

Method: Childhood psychosocial adversities were ascertained in the 1958 British birth cohort and cortisol was measured in two saliva samples, one 45 min after awaking (T(1)) and the other 3 h later the same day (T(2)), from 6524 participants aged 45 years.

Achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in Pakistan.

Pakistan is a signatory of many international development strategies including the Millennium Development Goals, and the government is committed to achieving a reduction in infant mortality rate from 72 to <55 per 1000 live births, the newborn mortality rate from 55 to <40 per 1000 live births and the maternal mortality rate from 276 per 100,000 to 140 per 100,000 live births by 2015. Maternal, newborn and child health play a key role in reducing poverty and promoting social and economic development. Improvement in maternal and child health is a priority agenda of the Government of Pakistan.

Manual vacuum aspiration: a safe and cost-effective substitute of electric vacuum aspiration for the surgical management of early pregnancy loss.

Objective: To compare the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) with Electrical vacuum aspiration (EVA) in the management of first trimester pregnancy loss.

Methods: A single-centre randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted at Maternal and Child Health Centre (MCHC), Unit-I, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad from April 2007-Dec 2008. A total of 176 cases with early pregnancy loss at < 12 weeks gestation, with a diagnosis of anembryonic pregnancy, incomplete, missed or septic induced abortion and molar pregnancy were randomly allocated to either MVA or EVA in the operation theatre.

Skeletal phenotype of mandibuloacral dysplasia associated with mutations in ZMPSTE24.

Mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD) is a rare recessively inherited premature aging disease characterized by skeletal and metabolic anomalies. It is part of the spectrum of diseases called laminopathies and results from mutations in genes regulating the synthesis of the nuclear laminar protein, lamin A. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes both the precursor protein prelamin A and lamin C, are the commonest cause of MAD type A.

Prevalence of HIV in pregnant women identified with a risk factor at a tertiary care hospital.

Background: HIV is an epidemic quite unlike any other, combining the problems of a lifelong medical disease with immense social, psychological, economic and public health consequences. Since we are living in a global village where human interactions has become fast and frequent, diseases like HIV are no more alien to us. HIV/AIDS in Pakistan is slowly gaining recognition as a public health issue of great importance.

First-drug treatment failures in children newly diagnosed with epilepsy.

In adults newly diagnosed with epilepsy, treatment with the first prescribed antiepileptic drug fails for approximately one half. In two studies that addressed this question in children, the failure rates were 20% and 40%. The present study used a detailed chart review of children newly diagnosed with epilepsy over a 4-year span in a major childhood epilepsy referral clinic to assess (1) the percentage of children for whom first-line antiepileptic drug treatment failed and (2) the reasons for the treatment failure.