The relationship of parenting style and eating behavior in preschool children.

Background: Eating behavior represents individual appetitive traits which are related to the individual's regulation of food intake. Eating behavior develops at an early age. There is some evidence that parenting styles might impact on the child's eating behavior.

White matter microstructure and executive functions in congenital heart disease from childhood to adulthood: A pooled case-control study.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) patients are at risk for alterations in the cerebral white matter microstructure (WMM) throughout development. It is unclear whether the extent of WMM alterations changes with age, especially during adolescence when the WMM undergoes rapid maturation. We investigated differences in WMM between patients with CHD and healthy controls from childhood until early adulthood in a pooled sample of children, adolescents, and young adults.

Associations of early-life exposures and socioeconomic status with cognitive development at preadolescence.

Background: The long-term relations of socioeconomic status (SES) and early-life exposures with cognitive development at preadolescence are not fully understood, especially in low SES populations. We examined associations of SES and early-life exposures including feeding practices, physical growth and infections with cognitive development among preadolescents from underprivileged communities.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted among 146 healthy children from two relatively low SES Arab villages in Israel, who were recruited at age 1-9 weeks and followed until age 18 months.

Increasing important roles of child and adolescent psychiatrists in the treatment of gaming disorder: Current status in Japan.

Background: Digital gaming is the most common leisure activity among children and adolescents in Japan, especially in males. Playing online gaming has become more common among school-age children over the years. As a result, excessive online gaming in younger children has become a significant social problem in Japan.

Functional networks of working memory abilities in children with complex congenital heart disease: a sleep EEG study.

Working memory is frequently impaired in children with complex congenital heart disease (CHD), but little is known about the functional neuronal correlates. Sleep slow wave activity (SWA; 1-4.5 Hz EEG power) has previously been shown to reliably map neurofunctional networks of cognitive abilities in children with and without neurodevelopmental impairments.

Risk Factors for Perioperative Brain Lesions in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease: A European Collaboration.

Background: Infants with congenital heart disease are at risk of brain injury and impaired neurodevelopment. The aim was to investigate risk factors for perioperative brain lesions in infants with congenital heart disease.

Methods: Infants with transposition of the great arteries, single ventricle physiology, and left ventricular outflow tract and/or aortic arch obstruction undergoing cardiac surgery <6 weeks after birth from 3 European cohorts (Utrecht, Zurich, and London) were combined.

Technical feasibility of using auditory phase-targeted stimulation after pediatric severe traumatic brain injury in an intensive care setting.

Background: Supplementary treatment options after pediatric severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are needed to improve neurodevelopmental outcome. Evidence suggests enhancement of brain delta waves via auditory phase-targeted stimulation might support neuronal reorganization, however, this method has never been applied in analgosedated patients on the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Therefore, we conducted a feasibility study to investigate this approach: In a first recording phase, we examined feasibility of recording over time and in a second stimulation phase, we applied stimulation to address tolerability and efficacy.

Favourable Short- to Mid-Term Outcome after PDA-Stenting in Duct-Dependent Pulmonary Circulation.

Background: Stenting of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a minimally invasive catheter-based temporary palliative procedure that is an alternative to a surgical shunt in neonates with duct-dependent pulmonary perfusion.

Methods: An observational, single-centre, cross-sectional study of patients with duct-dependent pulmonary perfusion undergoing PDA-stenting as a stage I procedure and an analysis of short- to mid-term follow-up until a subsequent surgical procedure (stage II), with a focus on the interstage course.

Results: Twenty-six patients were treated with PDA-stenting at a median (IQR) age of 7 (4-10) days; 10/26 patients (38.

The Importance of Language Delays as an Early Indicator of Subsequent ASD Diagnosis in Public Healthcare Settings.

Previous studies have reported that ASD children with more severe symptoms are diagnosed earlier. However, previous studies in community settings have mostly relied on retrospective parental reports without the use of quantitative standardized test scores. Here, we evaluated the association of language, cognitive, and ASD severity standardized scores with the age of diagnosis in 1-6-year-old children diagnosed in a public healthcare setting.

The Theta Paradox: 4-8 Hz EEG Oscillations Reflect Both Sleep Pressure and Cognitive Control.

Human electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations characterize specific behavioral and vigilance states. The frequency of these oscillations is typically sufficient to distinguish a given state; however, theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) have instead been found in near-opposite conditions of drowsiness during sleep deprivation and alert cognitive control. While the latter has been extensively studied and is often referred to as "frontal midline theta," (fmTheta) the former has been investigated far less but is considered a marker for sleep pressure during wake.

Sleep problems in preschool children at the child development center with different developmental status: A questionnaire survey.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between sleep problems and development in preschool children with suspected developmental delay.

Methods: A total of 192 preschool children (mean age 4 years; 131 males, 61 females) were recruited from the Child Development Clinic, including 98 preterm children and 94 age- and sex-matched full-term children. All participants underwent evaluation of gross motor, fine motor and speech performance.

Integration of Speed and Quality in Measuring Graphomotor Skills: The Zurich Graphomotor Test.

Importance: In educational settings, children are under pressure to finish their work successfully within required time frames. Existing tools for assessing graphomotor skills measure either quality or speed of performance, and the speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) in such tools has never been investigated.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate a newly developed tool for measuring graphomotor skills, the Zurich Graphomotor Test (ZGT), that assesses both speed and quality of performance.

Involvement of the Thalamus, Hippocampus, and Brainstem in Hypsarrhythmia of West Syndrome: Simultaneous Recordings of Electroencephalography and fMRI Study.

Background And Purpose: West syndrome is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy characterized by epileptic spasms, neurodevelopmental regression, and a specific EEG pattern called hypsarrhythmia. Our aim was to investigate the brain activities related to hypsarrhythmia at onset and focal epileptiform discharges in the remote period in children with West syndrome using simultaneous electroencephalography and fMRI recordings.

Materials And Methods: Fourteen children with West syndrome underwent simultaneous electroencephalography and fMRI at the onset of West syndrome.

Resective Epilepsy Surgery and Respective Histopathological Diagnoses: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Introduction: Over recent decades, brain resection for drug-resistant epilepsy has proven to be a valuable treatment option. The histopathological classification was of paramount value for patient management. The aims of this study were to characterize our resective epilepsy surgical series including the histopathological diagnoses and to understand the differences in clinical practice between two different periods of our epilepsy surgical programme.

Lagging coverage for mental health services among children and adolescents through home and community-based Medicaid waivers.

Problem: Many states cover mental health home and community-based services (HCBS) for youth through 1915(c) Medicaid HCBS waivers that allow states to waive certain Medicaid eligibility criteria and define high-risk populations based on age, medical condition(s), and disability status. We sought to evaluate how States are covering children and adolescents with mental health needs through 1915(c) waivers compared to other youth waiver populations.

Methods: Data elements were extracted from Medicaid 1915(c) approved waivers applications for all included waivers targeting any pediatric age range through October 31, 2018.

Sleep homeostasis, seizures, and cognition in children with focal epilepsy.

Aim: To investigate the link between sleep disruption and cognitive impairment in childhood epilepsy by studying the effect of epilepsy on sleep homeostasis, as reflected in slow-wave activity (SWA).

Method: We examined SWA from overnight EEG-polysomnography in 19 children with focal epilepsy (mean [SD] age 11 years 6 months [3 years], range 6 years 6 months-15 years 6 months; 6 females, 13 males) and 18 age- and sex-matched typically developing controls, correlating this with contemporaneous memory consolidation task scores, full-scale IQ, seizures, and focal interictal discharges.

Results: Children with epilepsy did not differ significantly from controls in overnight SWA decline (p = 0.

Indirect structural disconnection-symptom mapping.

In vivo tracking of white matter fibres catalysed a modern perspective on the pivotal role of brain connectome disruption in neuropsychological deficits. However, the examination of white matter integrity in neurological patients by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging bears conceptual limitations and is not widely applicable, as it requires imaging-compatible patients and resources beyond the capabilities of many researchers. The indirect estimation of structural disconnection offers an elegant and economical alternative.

Neurometabolic changes in neonates with congenital heart defects and their relation to neurodevelopmental outcome.

Background: Altered neurometabolite ratios in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery for congenital heart defects (CHD) may serve as a biomarker for altered brain development and neurodevelopment (ND).

Methods: We analyzed single voxel 3T PRESS H-MRS data, acquired unilaterally in the left basal ganglia and white matter of 88 CHD neonates before and/or after neonatal cardiac surgery and 30 healthy controls. Metabolite ratios to Creatine (Cr) included glutamate (Glu/Cr), myo-Inositol (mI/Cr), glutamate and glutamine (Glx/Cr), and lactate (Lac/Cr).

Perioperative Course and Socioeconomic Status Predict Long-Term Neurodevelopment Better Than Perioperative Conventional Neuroimaging in Children with Congenital Heart Disease.

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the use of neonatal conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with that of clinical factors and socioeconomic status (SES) to predict long-term neurodevelopment in children with severe congenital heart disease (CHD).

Study Design: In this prospective cohort study, perioperative MRIs were acquired in 57 term-born infants with CHD undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery during their first year of life. Total brain volume (TBV) was measured using an automated method.

A network analysis of problematic smartphone use in Japanese young adults.

Background: We aimed to explore the overall network structure of problematic smartphone use symptoms assessed by smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV) and to identify which items could play important roles in the network.

Methods: 487 college and university students filled out the study questionnaire, including SAS-SV. We constructed a regularized partial correlation network among the 10 items of SAS-SV.

Risk factors of hikikomori among office workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective online survey.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has forced people to restrict their outings. In Japan, self-restraint behavior (SRB) has been requested by the government, and some of those decreasing their outings may shift to pathological social withdrawal; hikikomori. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk factors of hikikomori conducting an online prospective survey.

Child Behavior Problems and Parenting Stress in Underserved Families of Children with ASD: Investigation of Family Resources and Parenting Self-efficacy.

Behavior problems in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may exacerbate parenting stress. Parenting self-efficacy and family resources may influence this association. We examined cross-sectional statistical mediation effects of parenting self-efficacy on the relationship between child behavior problems and parenting stress and hypothesized that family-level resources moderated this indirect effect.

Mental sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic in children with and without complex medical histories and their parents: well-being prior to the outbreak and at four time-points throughout 2020 and 2021.

The objective of this study is to understand the long-term mental sequelae for families over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic by longitudinally investigating the well-being of children with and without complex medical histories and their parents. Well-being of 200 children (between 7 and 18 years of age; 73 typically developing, 46 born very preterm, 73 with complex congenital heart disease) and 175 of their parents was assessed prior to and during the first (April-May 2020), second (October-November 2020), third (April-May 2021), and fourth wave (October-November 2021) of the pandemic with standardized questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to investigate longitudinal changes in child and parent well-being compared to before the pandemic.

Which is the Most Common Physiologic Type of Cerebral Palsy?

Introduction: Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is the commonest physiological type according to literature which comes mainly from the developed countries where prematurity is a common cause for cerebral palsy. In developing countries like India, the leading causes of cerebral palsy are birth asphyxia, infections, and hyperbilirubinemia and, hence, the physiological type of CP is likely to be different. However, the data from our country is scant.