Fragmentation of immunoglobulin G.

For some purposes, fragments of the IgG molecule are preferred. The F(c) portion is useful for studies of biological effect-binding to the F(c) receptor, mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and complement fixation. The bivalent F(ab')(2) produced by digestion with pepsin and the monovalent Fab produced by digestion with papain are useful for studies based on the interaction between antibody binding site(s) with antigen.

Purification of immunoglobulin G.

While unpurified antibodies are suitable for a number of applications, purified antibodies are required for assays based on known concentration of antibody, for chemical modifications such as radiolabeling or conjugation with fluorochromes, or for structural modifications such as production of F(ab')2 or monvalent Fab fragments. This unit contains protocols for purification of IgG by ammonium sulfate precipitation coupled with size-exclusion chromatography, Protein A- and Protein G-affinity chromatography, immunoaffinity chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography.

Dialysis and concentration of protein solutions.

Conventional dialysis separates small molecules from large molecules by allowing diffusion of only the small molecules through selectively permeable membranes. Dialysis is usually used to change the salt (small-molecule) composition of a macromolecule-containing solution. This unit describes dialysis of large- and small-volume samples using cellulose membranes with pore sizes designed to exclude molecules above a selected molecular weight.

Cultural effects on the expression of some fears by Chinese and British female students.

To compare the culturally acquired aspects of fears in two different cultures, the author gave an augmented version of the I. M. Marks and A.

Accumulating aerobic exercise for effective weight control.

Purpose: To compare the effects of different patterns of regular treadmill walking and cycle ergometry on body weight, body composition, waist and hip circumferences in overweight adult Singaporean females.

Methods: Thirty overweight (BMI > 23 kg/m2) Singaporean females, aged 42.2 +/- 5.

Involvement and detachment in researching sexuality: reflections on the process of semistructured interviewing.

In this article, the authors reflect on the utility of the concept of involvement-detachment for researchers involved in a study of the lifeworlds of gay, lesbian, and bisexual young people where one of the researchers was lesbian. They focus in particular on the process of semistructured interviewing in qualitative research and the analysis of material generated by the interviews, noting that complete detachment from the subject of study is neither achievable nor desirable. They discuss the benefit of teamwork in supporting researchers and enhancing the integrity of the research, particularly when the subject is sensitive, the importance of researchers' active management of their own ideological leanings, and the understanding of project management as a conceptual and cognitive process that is fundamental to enhancing research rigor.

Adolescence and the diet-dieting disparity: healthy food choice or risky health behaviour?

Objectives: Food choice in schoolchildren was examined in relation to dieting and measures of eating psychopathology. It was predicted that dieters would make healthier food choices compared to non-dieters and that measures of eating psychopathology would be associated with food choice.

Design: A cross-sectional questionnaire design incorporating an established adapted recall method was used to assess patterns of food consumption.

Motivating students towards self-directed learning.

This article examines what motivates students towards self-directed learning (SDL). The results discussed are taken from a larger study examining students' perceptions of SDL, a concept that is increasingly evident in nurse education. The study focuses on the views of pre-registration students and their tutors.

Piecemeal policy may stop nurse prescribers fulfilling their potential.

In this article we discuss how the lack of visionary forward planning and muddled policy-making regarding nurse prescribing has caused role ambiguity and disaffection within community nursing. We explore elements of the development of nurse prescribing and discuss some of the terms that are currently being articulated, which are ill conceived, conceptually flawed and often misleading. We also discuss some of the current issues we perceive in relation to nurse prescribing, including the benefits and limitations for community practice.

Patient advocacy: a concept analysis.

Aim: To clarify the ill-defined concept of patient advocacy and develop a model.

Method: An eclectic concept analysis was used in the study.

Results: Results of the analysis reveal that advocacy has three essential attributes: valuing, apprising and interceding.

Social desirability bias and direction modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2.

This study examined the relation between social desirability bias and responses to the direction modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 for male soccer players (37 professionals, 40 semiprofessionals, and 40 varsity players; M age = 24.5 yr., SD=3.

Towards a 'forensic lens' model of multidisciplinary training.

This paper reports on research undertaken to identify if common areas of multidisciplinary training exist in the literature. The literature that specifically focused on training issues in forensic practice (mental health) was located and reviewed by coding analysis. Thirteen common areas were identified and approximately 250 content items were acknowledged.

Deep vein thrombosis: clinical nursing management.

The occurrence of a deep vein thrombosis is potentially life threatening and rapid assessment and treatment are essential to prevent development of a pulmonary embolism. Prophylaxis and risk assessment are important aspects of DVT management.

An introduction to Chinese psychology--its historical roots until the present day.

In this article the authors review the historical development of Chinese psychology. China's long history as a country immersed in the study of psychological issues is well known and has had an influence on developments in the field of psychology around the world. Modern Chinese psychology, however, was imported from the West and the Soviet Union and has been closely linked with China's social environment and changes of national policy.

Dialysis and concentration of protein solutions.

Conventional dialysis separates small molecules from large molecules by allowing diffusion of only the small molecules through selectively permeable membranes. Dialysis is usually used to change the salt (small-molecule) composition of a macromolecule-containing solution. The solution to be dialyzed is placed in a sealed dialysis membrane and immersed in a selected buffer; small solute molecules then equilibrate between the sample and the dialysate.

Sequence analysis of the rat phenylalanine hydroxylase gene promoter.

We have characterized the 5'-end (3218 bp) of the rat phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. Within this PAH promoter sequence, we have identified a number of putative regulatory sites analogous to those present in the human and murine PAH promoters. In particular, potential HNF 1 binding sites and a CRE have been identified.

Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis of a sample drawn from a North Wales population.

Sexual dimorphism and population differences were investigated using metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) analysis. Although it is an anthropometric technique, MCPP analysis is more frequently used in genetic syndrome analysis and has been under-used in the study of human groups. The present analysis used a series of hand radiographs from Gwynedd, North Wales, to make comparisons, first, between the sexes within the sample and then with previously reported data from Japan.

Teenage pregnancy: on the road to social death.

This paper describes research into perceptions of teenage pregnancy at two different demographical locations in the UK. Ninety-five semi-structured interviews were conducted on a teenage pregnant population and a non-pregnant teenage population. Thematic analysis revealed three levels of influence causing social pressures on the teenage pregnancy and were structured as primary, secondary and subordinate depending on the emphasis within the discourse analysis.

The role of the personal tutor: a literature review.

This paper comprises an extensive review of the literature surrounding the role of the personal tutor, which was conducted prior to an evaluation of the personal tutor system used within my own institution. There is agreement in the literature that student support is an important function of the nurse lecturer, but there is currently no consensus as to the most appropriate system of providing this support. Three distinct aspects of the personal tutor role emerged from the literature and are discussed in this paper:* Clinical role* Pastoral role* Academic role.

Stress-induced eating: an alternative method for inducing ego-threatening stress.

This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of a modified Stroop test as a method of inducing ego-threatening stress in dieters. Twenty females completed a Stroop task and watched a fearful film, and then consumed ice cream, ad libitum, under the guise of a tasting-test. It was predicted that the Stroop task would trigger greater consumption of ice cream than a fearful film, and that this effect would be more pronounced for binge-eaters than non-binge-eaters.

Enzymatic digestion of monoclonal antibodies.

Originally, digestion of antibodies by proteolytic enzymes was used to study their structure. Many diverse structures can be obtained by fragmentation of the different classes of antibody with different enzymes, or by using the same enzyme and changing the conditions Fig. 1).

Aversive stimulation by staff and violence by psychiatric patients.

This study investigated the frequency with which violence by psychiatric in-patients was preceded by aversive interpersonal stimulation. The precursors of 63 assaults by psychiatric patients on nurses were studied using semi-structured interviews conducted within 72 hours of the assault. Reliability data were collected from staff witnesses and assaultive patients in a subgroup of assaults.

The use of ratings of perceived exertion for regulating exercise levels in rowing ergometry.

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the use of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) to estimate and regulate exercise intensity during rowing ergometry. Nine competitive male rowers [mean age 28.6 years, (SD 6.