Test-retest reliability of a 3-min isokinetic all-out test using two different cadences.

Objectives: To investigate the test-retest reliability of mechanical parameters derived from a 3-min isokinetic all-out test, performed at 60 and 100 rpm. Reliability and validity of the peak oxygen uptake derived from 3-min isokinetic all-out test were also tested.

Design: 14 healthy male subjects completed an incremental ramp testing and four randomized 3-min isokinetic all-out test (two at 60 rpm and two at 100 rpm).

Women in wetsuits: revolting bodies in lesbian surf culture.

The article unpicks the notion of lesbian bodies as revolting through an analysis of how "women in wetsuits" are experienced as both disgusting and desirable by lesbian surfers. Based on ethnographic research carried out within British surf culture, I consider how lesbian surfing bodies come to be experienced and embodied as disgusting, desirable, and revolting. Informed by interview data and personal reflections I suggest that the affective power of lesbian desire might offer ways in which to disrupt the cultural processes that shame bodies and in doing so enable surfing bodies to revolt.

The role of movement exaggeration in the anticipation of deceptive soccer penalty kicks.

Human movement containing deception about the true outcome is thought to be perceived differently compared to the non-deceptive version. Exaggeration in the movement is thought to change the perceiver's mode of functioning from an invariant to a cue-based mode. We tested these ideas by examining anticipation in skilled and less skilled soccer players while they viewed temporally occluded (-240 ms, -160 ms, -80 ms, 0 ms, +80 ms) deceptive, non-deceptive, and non-deceptive-exaggerated penalty kicks.

Metabolic limitations of performance and fatigue in football.

Football participation requires considerable utilization of both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems to match the high energetic demands of the sport. The consequent stresses imposed on the physiological and metabolic systems carries players to the threshold of exhaustion during match-play, from which they are required to recover in preparation for the subsequent game. A high number of players experience fatigue during the high-intensity bouts and a consequent decline in their performance towards the end of the game is a likely outcome during match-play.

Paralympic medicine.

Paralympic medicine describes the health-care issues of those 4500 or so athletes who gather every 4 years to compete in 20 sports at the Summer Paralympic Games and in five sports at the Winter Paralympic Games. Paralympic athletes compete within six impairment groups: amputation or limb deficiencies, cerebral palsy, spinal cord-related disability, visual impairment, intellectual impairment, or a range of physically impairing disorders that do not fall into the other classification categories, known as les autres. The variety of impairments, many of which are severe, fluctuating, or progressive disorders (and are sometimes rare), makes maintenance of health in thousands of Paralympians while they undertake elite competition an unusual demand on health-care resources.

The effectiveness of a motivational interviewing primary-care based intervention on physical activity and predictors of change in a disadvantaged community.

Little research exists on the impact of behavior change interventions in disadvantaged communities. We conducted a prospective study to explore the effectiveness of motivational interviewing on physical activity change within a deprived community and the social- psychological and motivational predictors of change in physical activity including stage of change, self-efficacy, social support, and variables from self-determination theory and the theory of planned behavior. Five motivational interviewing counsellors recruited 207 patients and offered motivational interviewing sessions to support physical activity behavior change.

The injury experience at the 2010 winter paralympic games.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine incidence proportion and the characteristics of athlete injuries sustained during the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Games.

Design: Descriptive epidemiological study.

Setting: All medical venues at the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Games, Canada.

Effects of relative age on physical and physiological performance characteristics in youth soccer.

Aim: In youth sport, birth-date positioning of performers has significant implications for future success. This phenomenon is particularly evident in soccer and is identified as the "Relative Age Effect" (RAE). To date, limited work has been conducted into the RAE from a laboratory setting.

Cerebrovascular and corticomotor function during progressive passive hyperthermia in humans.

The present study examined the integrative effects of passive heating on cerebral perfusion and alterations in central motor drive. Eight participants underwent passive hyperthermia [0.5°C increments in core temperature (Tc) from normothermia (37 ± 0.

Absence of neuropsychological impairment in hyperammonaemia in healthy young adults; possible synergism in development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) symptoms?

The aetiology of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (mHE) remains unclear. It is generally accepted that hyperammonaemia plays a major role, however there are a multitude of metabolic perturbations present. To determine the contribution of hyperammonaemia to mHE symptom development, ten healthy males (Age:25 ± 5 yrs, BM:76.

Anticipation of tennis-shot direction from whole-body movement: the role of movement amplitude and dynamics.

While recent studies indicate that observers are able to use dynamic information to anticipate whole-body actions like tennis shots, it is less clear whether the action's amplitude may also allow for anticipation. We therefore examined the role of movement dynamics and amplitude for the anticipation of tennis-shot direction. In a previous study, movement dynamics and amplitude were separated from the kinematics of tennis players' forehand groundstrokes.

Ammonia metabolism, the brain and fatigue; revisiting the link.

This review addresses the ammonia fatigue theory in light of new evidence from exercise and disease studies and aims to provide a view of the role of ammonia during exercise. Hyperammonemia is a condition common to pathological liver disorders and intense or exhausting exercise. In pathology, hyperammonemia is linked to impairment of normal brain function and the onset of the neurological condition, hepatic encephalopathy.

Muscle contractile function and neural control after repetitive endurance cycling.

Purpose: To examine alterations in muscle contractile properties, cortical excitability, and voluntary activation as a consequence of 20 d of repetitive endurance cycling within a 22-d period.

Methods: Eight well-trained male cyclists completed 20 prolonged cycling stages interspersed by two rest days (days 9 and 17), which replicated the 2007 Tour de France route and schedule. Isometric knee extensor torque and EMG responses of the vastus lateralis in response to percutaneous electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation were measured before, on days 9 and 17, and 2 d after completion of Tour de France.

Time course of neuromuscular changes during running in well-trained subjects.

Purpose: Prolonged exercise reduces the capacity of the neuromuscular system to produce force, which is known as fatigue. The purpose of this study was to examine the time course of neural and contractile processes during a 20-km running bout.

Methods: Eight experienced runners (mean T SD: age = 31 T 6 yr, VO2max = 60.

Hydration and the physiological responses to acute normobaric hypoxia.

Objective: The effect hydration status has on exposure to hypoxia is unclear. The purpose of the study was to identify how hydration status, above and below euhydrated levels, affects the physiological responses and onset of acute mountain sickness symptoms during acute normobaric hypoxia.

Methods: Eight males completed intermittent walking tests under normobaric hypoxic conditions (FIo2 = 0.

Girlfight and Bend it Like Beckham: screening women, sport, and sexuality.

In this article, sport film is taken as a social and cultural space where women's bodies are made publicly in/visible. Two films-Girlfight and Bend it Like Beckham-provide the focus for critical discussion. Moreover, a queer-feminist analysis explores the links between participation in boxing and football, and women's sexuality as represented in the films.

Influence of hypohydration on intermittent sprint performance in the heat.

Purpose: To examine the effect of hypohydration on physiological strain and intermittent sprint exercise performance in the heat (35.5 +/- 0.6 degrees C, 48.

Critical power is not attained at the end of an isokinetic 90-second all-out test in children.

The purpose of this study was to establish whether critical power, as traditionally determined from the performance of three constant-load tests to exhaustion, is attained at the end of a 90-s all-out test in children. Sixteen healthy children (eight males and eight females; mean age 12.3 years, s(x) = 0.

The effect of hypohydration severity on the physiological, psychological and renal hormonal responses to hypoxic exercise.

Evidence of the effect of dehydration on physiological responses to hypoxia is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hypohydration severity on physiological, renal hormonal and psychological responses to acute hypoxia. Eight males completed intermittent walking tests under normobaric hypoxic conditions (FI O(2) = 0.

Physiological responses to graded acute normobaric hypoxia using an intermittent walking protocol.

Objective: The study aimed to examine the physiological responses to acute normobaric hypoxia during an intermittent walking protocol.

Methods: Twelve active healthy male participants completed a 125-minute test that involved rest and walking (50% VO(2max)) during normoxic (20.93%O(2)) and 2 hypoxic conditions (14%O(2) and 12%O(2)).

Relationships among values, achievement orientations, and attitudes in youth sport.

This research examines the value-expressive function of attitudes and achievement goal theory in predicting moral attitudes. In Study 1, the Youth Sport Values Questionnaire (YSVQ; Lee, Whitehead, & Balchin, 2000) was modified to measure moral, competence, and status values. In Study 2, structural equation modeling on data from 549 competitors (317 males, 232 females) aged 12-15 years showed that moral and competence values predicted prosocial attitudes, whereas moral (negatively) and status values (positively) predicted antisocial attitudes.

A single protein meal increases recovery of muscle function following an acute eccentric exercise bout.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute protein ingestion on the recovery of muscle function and markers of muscle damage in the 72 h post eccentric-exercise. Nine recreationally active males recorded quadriceps maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MVC), peak 5 s power output (PPO), and perceived muscle soreness. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) and protein carbonyl (PC) content were measured prior to exercise.

Acute normobaric hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin release.

Investigations studying the secretion of EPO (erythropoietin) in response to acute hypoxia have produced mixed results. Further, the errors associated with the various methods used to determine EPO are not well documented. The purpose of the current study was to determine the EPO response of 17 trained male subjects to either an acute bout of normobaric hypoxia (Hy; n = 10) or normoxia (Con; n = 7).

Effect of recovery intensity on peak power output and the development of heat strain during intermittent sprint exercise while under heat stress.

This study compared two intensities of active recovery on intermittent sprint exercise performance and the development of heat strain in hot, humid conditions. Eight male game players completed four Cycling Intermittent Sprint Protocols (CISP) consisting of twenty 2-min periods, each including 10-s passive rest, 5-s maximal sprint against a resistance of 7.5% body mass and 105-s active recovery.