2022 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines (2024 Update).

Vaccination is a cornerstone of canine preventive healthcare and one of the most cost-effective ways of maintaining a dog's health, longevity, and quality of life. Canine vaccination also serves a public health function by forming a barrier against several zoonotic diseases affecting dogs and humans. Canine vaccines are broadly categorized as containing core and noncore immunizing antigens, with administration recommendations based on assessment of individual patient risk factors.

Management Strategies for Immature Teeth with Pulp Necrosis: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews.

Introduction: This review evaluates the effectiveness of treatment modalities for immature teeth with pulp necrosis, focusing on calcium hydroxide (CH) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apexification, as well as regenerative endodontic treatments (RETs). Recent advancements and clinical outcomes are highlighted.

Materials And Methods: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and grey literature was conducted from inception to July 2024.

The LTAR Cropland Common Experiment at the Kellogg Biological Station.

The Kellogg Biological Station Long-term Agroecosystem Research site (KBS LTAR) joined the national LTAR network in 2015 to represent a northeast portion of the North Central Region, extending across 76,000 km of southern Michigan and northern Indiana. Regional cropping systems are dominated by corn (Zea mays)-soybean (Glycine max) rotations managed with conventional tillage, industry-average rates of fertilizer and pesticide inputs uniformly applied, few cover crops, and little animal integration. In 2020, KBS LTAR initiated the Aspirational Cropping System Experiment as part of the LTAR Common Experiment, a co-production model wherein stakeholders and researchers collaborate to advance transformative change in agriculture.

Characterizing visual field loss from past mercury exposure in an Indigenous riverine community (Grassy Narrows First Nation, Canada): a cluster-based approach.

Background: Between 1962 and 1975, a chlor-alkali plant in Canada discharged approximately 9 metric tons of mercury (Hg) into the Wabigoon River. Over the following decades, biomarkers of Hg exposure of persons from Grassy Narrows First Nation (Asubpeeschoseewagong Anishinabek), located downriver from the discharge, reflected Hg concentrations in fish. Hg exposure is known to target the calcarine fissure, resulting in visual field (VF) loss.

Pharmacodynamic Exposure-Response Analysis of Fracture Count Data Following Treatment with Burosumab in Patients with XLH.

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare genetic disorder caused by excessive fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), leading to low serum phosphate levels resulting in increased risk of fractures and pseudofractures. Burosumab is indicated for the treatment of XLH. In this work, we aimed to understand the quantitative relationship between burosumab-treatment-induced improvements in serum phosphate and reduction in fracture and pseudofracture counts in adults with XLH.

Retrospective Analysis of Blood Biomarkers of Neurological Injury in Human Cases of Viral Infection and Bacterial Sepsis.

Background: Blood biomarkers of neurological injury could provide a rapid diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) injury caused by infections. An FDA-approved assay for mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) measures glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), which signal astrocyte and neuronal injury, respectively. Here, we assessed the applicability of this biomarker assay for determining infection-induced brain injury.

Artificial intelligence in endodontics: Data preparation, clinical applications, ethical considerations, limitations, and future directions.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a transformative technology in healthcare, including endodontics. A gap in knowledge exists in understanding AI's applications and limitations among endodontic experts. This comprehensive review aims to (A) elaborate on technical and ethical aspects of using data to implement AI models in endodontics; (B) elaborate on evaluation metrics; (C) review the current applications of AI in endodontics; and (D) review the limitations and barriers to real-world implementation of AI in the field of endodontics and its future potentials/directions.

Artificial intelligence in endodontics: Fundamental principles, workflow, and tasks.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has seen significant advancements, particularly in areas requiring image interpretation. Endodontics, a specialty within dentistry, stands to benefit immensely from AI applications, especially in interpreting radiographic images. However, there is a knowledge gap among endodontists regarding the fundamentals of machine learning and deep learning, hindering the full utilization of AI in this field.

Exposure-Response Modeling in Adults and Adolescents With Schizophrenia to Support the Extrapolation of Brexpiprazole Efficacy to Adolescents.

In order to accelerate drug development and avoid unnecessary drug trials in vulnerable pediatric populations, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a general advice letter to sponsors permitting the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults to be extrapolated to adolescents. Extrapolation is based on the evidence-based assumptions that (1) disease characteristics and (2) response to therapy, are similar in adults and adolescents. Whereas the FDA validated the extrapolation approach using data from multiple drug development programs, aripiprazole data are the most relevant to confirm the validity of the extrapolation approach for brexpiprazole, since aripiprazole and brexpiprazole both modulate dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling in the brain.

The evolution of symptoms of nervous system dysfunction in a First Nation community with a history of mercury exposure: a longitudinal study.

Background: Since the 1960's, mercury (Hg) contamination of the aquatic environment of Asubpeeschoseewagong Anishinabek (Grassy Narrows First Nation) territories has impacted the community members' traditions, culture, livelihood, diet and health. Despite decreasing Hg exposure over time, a recent study suggested that long-term exposure contributed to later-life symptom clusters of nervous system dysfunction. Here, the objective was to evaluate, 5 years later, the prevalence and progression of these symptoms and examine the contribution of long-term, past Hg exposure.

Translational kinetic-pharmacodynamics of mRNA-6231, an investigational mRNA therapeutic encoding mutein interleukin-2.

Regulatory T cells (T) are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis by serving as negative regulators of adaptive immune system effector cell responses. Reduced production or function of T has been implicated in several human autoimmune diseases. The cytokine interleukin 2 plays a central role in promoting T differentiation, survival, and function in vivo and may therefore have therapeutic benefits for autoimmune diseases.

Incidence of Middle Mesial Canals in Mandibular Molars during Root Canal Treatment and Nonsurgical Retreatment.

Introduction: Large-scale clinical studies on the incidence of middle mesial canals (MMCs) in nonsurgical root canal treatment (RCT) and retreatment of mandibular molars are lacking. The primary aim of this observational study was to determine the incidence of MMCs in mandibular first and second molars that received RCT or nonsurgical retreatment (NSRetx). The secondary aim was to determine factors associated with incidence of MMCs.

Artificial Intelligence in Endodontic Education.

Aims: The future dental and endodontic education must adapt to the current digitalized healthcare system in a hyper-connected world. The purpose of this scoping review was to investigate the ways an endodontic education curriculum could benefit from the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) and overcome the limitations of this technology in the delivery of healthcare to patients.

Methods: An electronic search was carried out up to December 2023 using MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and a manual search of reference literature.

Artificial Intelligence: A Mighty Adjunct for Caries Detection.

Articifial intelligence (AI) is impacting many aspects of people's lives today. In fields such as finance, manufacturing, agriculture, insurance, education, and healthcare, AI has been commissioned to cut costs, increase efficiency, and improve accuracy. Like many innovations, the use of AI can have both positive and potentially negative consequences.

Outcomes and predictive factors of vital pulp therapy in a large-scale retrospective cohort study over 10 years.

This cohort study evaluated the long-term success/survival of vital pulp therapies (VPTs) after carious pulp exposure in adult teeth. Additionally, factors influencing long-term success were identified. Teeth treated during 2011-2022 in a private clinic were studied with clinical/radiographic follow-ups.

Exposure to Low-Intensity Blast Increases Clearance of Brain Amyloid Beta.

The long-term effects of exposure to blast overpressure are an important health concern in military personnel. Increase in amyloid beta (Aβ) has been documented after non-blast traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may contribute to neuropathology and an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. We have shown that Aβ levels decrease following exposure to a low-intensity blast overpressure event.

Validity and reliability of artificial intelligence chatbots as public sources of information on endodontics.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the validity and reliability of responses provided by GPT-3.5, Google Bard, and Bing to frequently asked questions (FAQs) in the field of endodontics.

Methodology: FAQs were formulated by expert endodontists (n = 10) and collected through GPT-3.

Bioequivalence study followed by model-informed dose optimization of a powder for oral suspension of 6-mercaptopurine.

Background: 6-Mercaptopurine (6MP) is the mainstay chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is conventionally available as 50 mg tablets. A new 6MP powder for oral suspension (PFOS 10 mg/mL) was developed recently by IDRS Labs, India, intended for pediatric use. A comparative pharmacokinetics of PFOS with T.

Artificial Intelligence for Detection of External Cervical Resorption Using Label-Efficient Self-Supervised Learning Method.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to leverage label-efficient self-supervised learning (SSL) to train a model that can detect ECR and differentiate it from caries.

Methods: Periapical (PA) radiographs of teeth with ECR defects were collected. Two board-certified endodontists reviewed PA radiographs and cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images independently to determine presence of ECR (ground truth).

Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Once-Daily Darunavir With Cobicistat and Weekly Isoniazid/Rifapentine.

Background: Once-weekly isoniazid with rifapentine (HP) for 3 months is a recommended treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in persons with HIV. HP reduces exposures of certain antiretroviral medications, resulting in limited options for the concomitant use of these therapies. Here, we examined the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and tolerability of darunavir/cobicistat with HP.

Evaluation of Family Medicine Residency Programs for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Milestones.

Background And Objectives: In 2020, the Association of Family Medicine Residency Directors (AFMRD) Diversity and Health Equity (DHE) Task Force developed and piloted a framework to measure diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives in medical residencies across five domains: curriculum, evaluation, institution, resident pathway, and faculty pathway. The objectives were (1) to measure DEI initiatives across multiple domains in family medicine residencies using the DEI milestones and (2) to obtain current national baseline data providing criteria against which to measure effectiveness of initiatives and create tailored benchmarks.

Methods: We developed a cross-sectional survey of 12 quantitative residency characteristic items and the five DEI milestone ratings, and distributed the survey to program directors of family medicine residencies accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in the spring of 2022.

Metagenomic Analysis of a Continuous-Flow Aerobic Granulation System for Wastewater Treatment.

Aerobic granulation is an emerging process in wastewater treatment that has the potential to accelerate sedimentation of the microbial biomass during secondary treatment. Aerobic granulation has been difficult to achieve in the continuous flow reactors (CFRs) used in modern wastewater treatment plants. Recent research has demonstrated that the alternation of nutrient-abundant (feast) and nutrient-limiting (famine) conditions is able to promote aerobic granulation in a CFR.

Atraumatic Spontaneous Splenic Rupture With Unknown Etiology.

Splenic rupture of all causes is a potentially life-threatening event for patients. The infrequency of atraumatic splenic rupture (ASR) poses a significant diagnostic challenge due to atypical findings. ASR is commonly due to a spleen with an underlying disease process such as malignancy, infection, coagulopathies, or neoplasms.

The Use of Kaolin as a Prophylactic Treatment to Prevent Columnaris Disease () in Commercial Baitfish and Sportfish Species.

Aquaculture farms in Arkansas, USA routinely battle columnaris disease caused by . Columnaris is prevalent during stressful events such as feed training and when fish are stocked at high densities in holding vats before sale. Kaolin clay was effective in laboratory trials as a treatment for columnaris in catfish.