Production of a nascent cellulosic material from vegetable waste: Synthesis, characterization, functional properties, and its potency for a cationic dye removal.

The present work reports the production of cellulose nanocrystals, CNC and CNC, developed using vegetable waste, i.e., bottle gourd peel through sulfuric acid hydrolysis with a 30 and 60 min hydrolysis process coupled with ultrasonication.

Environmental friendly approach for selective extraction and recovery of molybdenum (Mo) from a sulphate mediated spent Ni-Mo/AlO catalyst baked leach liquor.

Solvent extraction separation of molybdenum (Mo) from the sulphate mediated leach solution bearing Aluminium (Al) and Nickel (Ni) was carried out using N-Methyl-N, N, N-tri-octyl-ammonium chloride. Extensive investigation for extraction study molybdenum in the function of time, Eq.pH, extractant concentration, diluents, temperature, strip solution concentration and phase ratio(A:O) for both extraction and stripping was examined to attain a suitable condition on its selective and enriched extraction.

Isolation, process optimisation and characterisation of the protein from the de-oiled cake flour of .

This work reports the isolation of the protein from the flour of an underutilised agro waste, a de-oiled cake of using the bis (2-ethylehexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate salt reverse micelle and the characterisation of the protein through various techniques. The experimental conditions for the extraction were optimised using Box-Behnken design. The highest yield of the protein was achieved when the extraction parameters, i.

Heavy metal removal from water by adsorption using a low-cost geopolymer.

In the present study, a geopolymer from dolochar ash was synthesized and used for the removal of heavy metal ions such as Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) from the aqueous solution through the adsorption process. The geopolymer was characterized by a series of analytical techniques. The XRD pattern revealed the loss of dolochar ash crystallinity on geoploymerization.

Substituted benzylideneanilines: A family of solvatochromic probes.

The solvatochromic behaviour of ten tailor-made structurally-related substituted N-benzylidineanilines was investigated in presence of solvents of varying polarities through inspection of UV-visible absorption spectra in the range 200 to 600 nm. The spectral bands were found to be significantly influenced by altering the polarity of the solvents. The o-hydroxy substituted N-benzylideneanilines were found to be less sensitive towards solvents in comparison to p-hydroxy substituted N-benzylideneanilines because of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between o-hydroxy group with the nitrogen atom of azomethine unit.

Solvent Effect on the Potential Energy Surfaces of the F + CHCHBr Reaction.

Although substantial work has been undertaken on reaction pathways involved in base-promoted elimination reactions and bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction of F on CHCHX (X = Cl, Br, I), the effect of solvents with varying dielectric constants on the stereochemistry of each of the reaction species involved across the reaction profile have not yet been clearly understood. The present investigation reports the effect of solvents on the potential energy surfaces (PES) and structures of the species appearing in the reaction pathway of F with bromoethane. The PESs in the gas phase have been computed at MP2 level and CCSD(T) level.

Probing the Gelatin-Alkylammonium Salt Mixed Assemblies through Surface Tensiometry and Fluorimetry.

The interactions, nature of the organization, and physicochemical properties of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (C TAB, n = 12, 14, and 16)-gelatin mixed assemblies were investigated by UV-visible spectrometry, surface tensiometry, and fluorimetry techniques. The synergistic interaction between the surfactant and gelatin was established from the decrease in critical micellar concentration (cmc) and the increase in molecular parking area of surfactants with an increase in percentage of gelatin from 0 to 0.4%; for example, the cmc of CTAB decreased from 0.

Comprehensive Understanding of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Fluoride Removal over a Potent Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Surface.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was successfully synthesized from egg shells, a low cost and easily available biodegradable waste, by the precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The surface area of HAp was found to be 144 m/g with a crystalline size of 9-99 nm from the BET and XRD data. The maximum fluoride removal efficiency within 1 h using 0.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of Aquatic Narcosis: A Review.

Background: Prior estimation of toxicity of each and every, existing and yet to be synthesized chemicals is a must to elude their adverse effect on the environment. Experimental determination of such parameters is time consuming, cost effective and above all, it demands the sacrifice of many vertebrates. At this end, the REACH regulations advocate for the use of non-testing predictive methods such as read-across, weight-of-evidence and QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) techniques.

A Short Review of the Generation of Molecular Descriptors and Their Applications in Quantitative Structure Property/Activity Relationships.

Background: Synthesis of organic compounds with specific biological activity or physicochemical characteristics needs a thorough analysis of the enumerable data set obtained from literature. Quantitative structure property/activity relationships have made it simple by predicting the structure of the compound with any optimized activity. For that there is a paramount data set of molecular descriptors (MD).

Molecular modeling in dioxane methanol interaction.

Molecular interaction between dioxane and methanol involves certain polar and nonpolar bonding to form a one to one complex. Interatomic distances between hydrogen and oxygen within 3 Å have been considered as hydrogen bonding. Optimizations of the structures of dioxane-methanol complexes were carried out considering any spatial orientation of a methanol molecule around a chair/boat/twisted-boat conformation of dioxane.

Organization of amphiphiles: XII. Evidence in favor of formation of hydrophobic complexes in aqueous solution.

The effects of nonionic surfactants OP-10 and OP-30 (polyoxyethylated octyl phenols with 10 and 30 oxyethylene groups, respectively) in surfactant mixtures with ionic surfactants hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) have been investigated by a conductometric method in conjunction with fluorescence, surface tension, zeta potential, and DLS measurements. The interactions are found to be antagonistic in nature for each of the systems; i.e.

Clouding behaviour in surfactant systems.

A study on the phenomenon of clouding and the applications of cloud point technology has been thoroughly discussed. The phase behaviour of clouding and various methods adopted for the determination of cloud point of various surfactant systems have been elucidated. The systems containing anionic, cationic, nonionic surfactants as well as microemulsions have been reviewed with respect to their clouding phenomena and the effects of structural variation in the surfactant systems have been incorporated.

Preferential solvation of styrylpyridinium dyes in binary mixtures of alcohols with hexane, dioxane, and dichloromethane.

The absorption maxima of N-alkyl(methyl, hexyl, and hexadecyl)-4-[(4-N,N-dimethylamino)styryl]pyridinium halides in binary solvents were analyzed for probing preferential solvation by any one of the solvents. The probes have a donor-acceptor system and the corresponding absorption bands are found to be solvent-sensitive. In neat solvents, excluding a few, reversal in solvatochromism was observed, identifying a polarity scale for solvatochromic switch, which appears around 45-50 E(T)(30) scale.

Organization of amphiphiles. Part XI: physico-chemical aspects of mixed micellization involving normal conventional surfactant and a non-ionic gemini surfactant.

A systematic study on the behaviour of mixtures of p-phenylenediamine-tertiarybutyloxy-carbonyl-bis-glycamide (BAM) with ionic hexadecyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB), and sodium salt of dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and non-ionic surfactant (TritonX-100) in solution has been investigated through different physico-chemical measurements. The mixtures of BAM (0.0194 mM) with various amount of CTAB/SDS/TritonX-100 have been analyzed through absorbance, conductivity, surface tension and zeta potential measurements.

Organization of amphiphiles Part X: Studies on the interaction between polyoxyethylated (30) octylphenol and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in aqueous solution.

The solution behavior of the mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and polyoxyethylene (30) octylphenol (OP-30) has been investigated by measuring the conductance, fluorescence intensity, surface tension and absorbance of the surfactant mixtures. A strong interaction between the two surfactants is indicated from each of the measurements. The critical micelle concentration of CTAB is found to increase with increase in the amount of OP-30 in the mixture.

Chemical modification of silica surface by immobilization of functional groups for extractive concentration of metal ions.

Increased utilization of mechanically stable synthetic matrices particularly silica gel as a solid support and its surface modification either by impregnation of organic ligands directly or covalent grafting through spacer unit for extractive concentration of trace elements are highlighted in the present article. Experimental evidences for existence of surface silanol and its chemical nature have explored the idea of silica surface modification. Recent methods of development in functionalized silica synthesis by attachment of various ligands or organic reagents to the silica surface and techniques of characterization of the modified surface have been reported.

Extraction of metal ions using chemically modified silica gel: a PIXE analysis.

Organic ligand with carboxyhydrazide functional group was immobilised on the surface of silica gel and the metal binding capacity of the ligand-embedded silica was investigated. The functional group was covalently bonded to the silica matrix through a spacer of methylene groups by sequential reactions of silica gel with dibromobutane, malonic ester and hydrazine in different media. Surface area value of the modified silica was determined.

Reversal in solvatochromism in some novel styrylpyridinium dyes having a hydrophobic cleft.

The influence of solvent polarity on the electronic transition of four different N-hexadecyl styrylpyridinium dyes has been investigated in 15 solvents. The E(T)(30) scale has been used to propose a quantitative approach towards the relative stability of the electronic ground and excited state species. The extents of contribution of dipolar aprotic solvents towards the solvation of the excited species have been determined to be 42-48% for some of the dyes.

Effect of organized assemblies II. Environmental effect on the pK of (o/p) hydroxybenzylidene-(4/6)-nitro-2-aminobenzothiazoles.

The dissociation constants (pK's) of aldimines, (o/p) hydroxybenzylidene-(4/6)-nitro-2-aminobenzothiazoles, have been determined spectrophotometrically in the absence and presence of ionic and nonionic surfactant assemblies at 27 degrees C. Substantial shifts in the pK's of the aldimines has been observed in the presence of the organized assemblies compared to water. The results have been attributed to the surface charge of the micelle, the effective hydrophobicity of the surfactants, and field and resonance effects due to NO(2) group substitution.

Adsorption of organic molecules on silica surface.

The adsorption behaviour of various organic adsorbates on silica surface is reviewed. Most of the structural information on silica is obtained from IR spectral data and from the characteristics of water present at the silica surface. Silica surface is generally embedded with hydroxy groups and ethereal linkages, and hence considered to have a negative charged surface prone to adsorption of electron deficient species.

Organization of amphiphiles. V. In situ fluorescence probing of the adsorbed layers of polyoxyethylated alkyl phenols at silica-water interfaces.

The sensitivity of the pyrene monomer emission spectrum to the polarity of a medium has been exploited to probe the adsorbed layer of a series of polyoxyethylated alkyl phenols on silica surface. Both the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the surfactants are found to control the adsorption of the surfactants at the silica-water interface. In a series of surfactants having the same hydrophobic chain length but with different hydrophilic chain lengths, the presence of a smaller number of hydrophilic oxyethylene units leads to a conspicuous increase in adsorption density in the premicellar region compared to surfactants having a larger number of oxyethylene units.