Causal modelling of variation in clinical practice and long-term outcomes of ADHD using Norwegian registry data: the ADHD controversy project.

Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common mental disorders in children and adolescents, and it is a strong risk factor for several adverse psychosocial outcomes over the lifespan. There are large between-country and within-country variations in diagnosis and medication rates. Due to ethical and practical considerations, a few studies have examined the effects of receiving a diagnosis, and there is a lack of research on effects of medication on long-term outcomes.

Integration of Physical Activity in Reablement for Community Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Background: Reablement is a rehabilitative intervention provided to homecare receivers with the aim of improving function and independence. There is limited evidence of the effectiveness of reablement, and the content of these interventions is variable. Physical activity (PA) is known to be important for improving and maintaining function among older adults, but it is unclear how PA is integrated in reablement.

Demographic variation in fit note receipt and long-term conditions in south London.

Objectives: Introduced in the UK in 2010, the fit note was designed to address the problem of long-term sickness absence. We explored (1) associations between demographic variables and fit note receipt, 'maybe fit' use and long-term conditions, (2) whether individuals with long-term conditions receive more fit notes and are more likely to have the 'maybe fit' option selected and (3) whether long-term conditions explained associations between demographic variables and fit note receipt.

Methods: Data were extracted from Lambeth DataNet, a database containing electronic medical records of all 45 general practitioner (GP) practices within the borough of Lambeth.

A comparison of face-to-face and online training in improving managers' confidence to support the mental health of workers.

Background: In recognition of the important role managers play in the well-being of the staff they supervise, many workplaces are implementing specialised training for leaders to help them better understand and support the mental health needs of their staff. This training can be delivered through face-to-face or online training sessions. Evaluation of such programs have found positive results for each format when compared to a control group, but to date, face-to-face and online manager mental health training have not been compared with one another.

A meta-regression of the impact of policy on the efficacy of individual placement and support.

Objective: Individual placement and support (IPS) has shown consistently better outcomes on competitive employment for patients with severe mental illness than traditional vocational rehabilitation. The evidence for efficacy originates from few countries, and generalization to different countries has been questioned. This has delayed implementation of IPS and led to requests for country-specific RCTs.

Approaches to implementing individual placement and support in the health and welfare sectors: a scoping review protocol.

Objective: The objective of this review is to identify and map existing knowledge on the methods and approaches used to implement Individual Placement and Support at scale in the health and welfare sectors, as well as the frameworks and methodological approaches used in implementation studies, and to identify knowledge gaps that are important for further research.

Introduction: Individual Placement and Support is an evidence-based, standardized approach designed to support people with mental health conditions to gain and maintain competitive jobs in the labor market. Translating scientific knowledge into mainstream practice is challenging, and there is insufficient knowledge of the approaches used to implement Individual Placement and Support at scale in the health and welfare sectors.

A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate HeadCoach: An Online Mental Health Training Program for Workplace Managers.

Objective: Mental ill-health is now the leading cause of sickness absence and occupational incapacity in high-income countries. This study evaluated HeadCoach online manager training, designed to improve confidence, and managerial behaviors that create mentally healthy workplaces.

Methods: A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing managers who received HeadCoach (N = 87) to waitlist control (N = 123).

A New Online Mental Health Training Program for Workplace Managers: Pre-Post Pilot Study Assessing Feasibility, Usability, and Possible Effectiveness.

Background: Mental health has become the leading cause of sickness absence in high-income countries. Managers can play an important role in establishing mentally healthy workplaces and coordinating their organization's response to a mentally ill worker.

Objective: This pilot study aims to evaluate the feasibility, usability, and likely effectiveness of a newly developed online training program for managers called HeadCoach.

Personality and long-term health-related benefits.

Background: Although it is well documented that non-medical factors, like educational level, are associated with sick leave and disability pensioning, the role of personality has only been studied to a limited degree.

Aims: To examine how normal personality traits (as measured by 'The Big Five') are associated with long-term sick leave and disability pensioning.

Methods: In 2008, a sample of Norwegian women participating in the population-based Tracking Opportunities and Problems (TOPP) study were assessed for personality traits.

A smartphone application for treating depressive symptoms: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Depression is a commonly occurring disorder linked to diminished role functioning and quality of life. The development of treatments that overcome barriers to accessing treatment remains an important area of clinical research as most people delay or do not receive treatment at an appropriate time. The workplace is an ideal setting to roll-out an intervention, particularly given the substantial psychological benefits associated with remaining in the workforce.

The role of job strain in understanding midlife common mental disorder: a national birth cohort study.

Background: Long-standing concerns exist about reverse causation and residual confounding in the prospective association between job strain and risk of future common mental disorders. We aimed to address these concerns through analysis of data collected in the UK National Child Development Study, a large British cohort study.

Methods: Data from the National Child Development Study (n=6870) were analysed by use of multivariate logistic regression to investigate the prospective association between job strain variables at age 45 years and risk of future common mental disorders at age 50 years, controlling for lifetime psychiatric history and a range of other possible confounding variables across the lifecourse.

Systematic review of fit note use for workers in the UK.

Objectives: The fit note, introduced in England, Wales and Scotland in 2010, was designed to change radically the sickness certification process from advising individuals on their inability to work to advising them on what they could do if work could be adapted. Our review aimed to evaluate the following: (1) Is the 'maybe fit' for work option being selected for patients? (2) Are work solutions being recommended? (3) Has the fit note increased return to work? (4) Has the fit note reduced the length of sickness absence? We considered the way in which outcomes vary according to patient demographics including type of health problem.

Methods: Studies were identified by a systematic search.

Explaining the gender gap in sickness absence.

Background: In many western countries, women have a much higher rate of sickness absence than men. To what degree the gender differences in sickness absence are caused by gender differences in health is largely unknown.

Aims: To assess to what degree the gender gap in sickness absence can be explained by health factors and work- and family-related stressors.

Effectiveness of training workplace managers to understand and support the mental health needs of employees: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Managers are in an influential position to make decisions that can impact on the mental health and well-being of their employees. As a result, there is an increasing trend for organisations to provide managers with training in how to reduce work-based mental health risk factors for their employees. A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify workplace interventions for managers with an emphasis on the mental health of employees reporting directing to them.

A protocol for the HeadCoach trial: the development and evaluation of an online mental health training program for workplace managers.

Background: Within high income countries, mental health is now the leading cause of long term sickness absence in the workplace. Managers are in a position to make changes and decisions that have a positive effect on the wellbeing of staff, the recovery of employees with mental ill health, and potentially prevent future mental health problems. However, managers report addressing workplace mental health issues as challenging.

Using Longitudinal Survey Data to Estimate Mental Health Related Transitions to a Disability Pension: Analysis of an Australian Household Panel Study.

Objective: This study examined the association between mental ill-health and subsequent receipt of a disability pension in Australia, and assessed how the strength of the association varied in relation to the duration between mental health measurement and reported disability pension receipt.

Methods: Eight thousand four hundred seventy-four working-age adults not receiving a disability pension at baseline were followed for up to 11 years; 349 transitioned onto a disability pension. Discrete-time survival analysis considered baseline and time-varying (12-month lagged) measures of mental ill-health.

Case-specific colleague guidance for general practitioners' management of sickness absence.

Background: General practitioners (GPs) report sickness absence certification as challenging. They express need for support with functional assessment beyond guidelines and reforms. Case-specific collegial one-to-one guidance for other clinical topics has proved popular with GPs and may be an acceptable and effective way to improve GPs skills and competence in sickness absence certification.

Exercise and the Prevention of Depression: Results of the HUNT Cohort Study.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to address 1) whether exercise provides protection against new-onset depression and anxiety and 2) if so, the intensity and amount of exercise required to gain protection and, lastly, 3) the mechanisms that underlie any association.

Method: A "healthy" cohort of 33,908 adults, selected on the basis of having no symptoms of common mental disorder or limiting physical health conditions, was prospectively followed for 11 years. Validated measures of exercise, depression, anxiety, and a range of potential confounding and mediating factors were collected.

Can work make you mentally ill? A systematic meta-review of work-related risk factors for common mental health problems.

It has been suggested that certain types of work may increase the risk of common mental disorders, but the exact nature of the relationship has been contentious. The aim of this paper is to conduct the first comprehensive systematic meta-review of the evidence linking work to the development of common mental health problems, specifically depression, anxiety and/or work-related stress and to consider how the risk factors identified may relate to each other. MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Embase, the Cochrane Collaboration and grey literature databases were systematically searched for review articles that examined work-based risk factors for common mental health problems.