Myopia progression patterns among paediatric patients in a clinical setting.

Purpose: This retrospective analysis of electronic medical record (EMR) data investigated the natural history of myopic progression in children from optometric practices in Ireland.

Methods: The analysis was of myopic patients aged 7-17 with multiple visits and not prescribed myopia control treatment. Sex- and age-specific population centiles for annual myopic progression were derived by fitting a weighted cubic spline to empirical quantiles.

Comparison of toric intraocular lens calculation with the integrated K method and three single biometric devices.

Purpose: To compare astigmatic outcomes using the Integrated K method and anterior surface keratometry from 3 different biometric devices.

Setting: Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Changes in Refractive Error During Young Adulthood: The Effects of Longitudinal Screen Time, Ocular Sun Exposure, and Genetic Predisposition.

Purpose: Changes in refractive error during young adulthood is common yet risk factors at this age are largely unexplored. This study explored risk factors for these changes, including gene-environmental interactions.

Methods: Spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) for 624 community-based adults were measured at 20 (baseline) and 28 years old.

Imaging Histology Correlations of Intraretinal Fluid in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: Fluid presence and dynamism is central to the diagnosis and management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. On optical coherence tomography (OCT), some hyporeflective spaces arise through vascular permeability (exudation) and others arise through degeneration (transudation). Herein we determined whether the histological appearance of fluid manifested this heterogeneity.

Quantitative study of spatial and temporal variation in retinal capillary network perfusion in rat eye by in vivo confocal imaging.

Microvascular dysfunction is the underlying pathological process in many systemic diseases. However, investigation into its pathogenesis is impeded by the accessibility and complexity of the microvasculature within different organs, particularly for the central nervous system. The retina as an extension of the cerebrum provides a glimpse into the brain through which the microvasculature can be observed.

Incidence and Mortality of Conjunctival Melanoma in Australia (1982 to 2014).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and mortality of conjunctival melanoma in Australia from 1982 to 2014.

Methods: De-identified unit data for all cases of ocular melanoma were extracted from the Australian Cancer Database from 1982 to 2014. Conjunctival melanoma cases were extracted, and the incidence and mortality were analyzed.

Severe Corneal Melt Post Trans-Scleral Cyclodiode in a Case of Neovascular Glaucoma Secondary to Coats Disease: A Case Report.

A novel case of neurotrophic keratitis and severe corneal melt requiring surgical management is presented 1 month following trans-scleral cyclodiode for Coats disease and neovascular glaucoma. Risk factors contributing to the complication include previous extracapsular cataract surgery, perioperative use of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatories and dexamethasone/neomycin, as well as other topical drops containing preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride. Meticulous consideration of preoptimization of the ocular surface and rationalization of perioperative eye drop regimes is discussed.

INFLAMMATORY CELL ACTIVITY IN TREATED NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: A Histologic Case Study.

Background: Imaging indicators of macular neovascularization risk can help determine patient eligibility for new treatments for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Because type 1 macular neovascularization includes inflammation, we assessed by histology the distribution of cells with inflammatory potential in two fellow eyes with age-related macular degeneration.

Methods: Two eyes of a White woman in her 90's with type 3 macular neovascularization treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor were prepared for high-resolution histology.

Dual AAV-based PCDH15 gene therapy achieves sustained rescue of visual function in a mouse model of Usher syndrome 1F.

Mutations in the PCDH15 gene, encoding protocadherin-15, are among the leading causes of Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1F), and account for up to 12% USH1 cases worldwide. A founder truncating variant of PCDH15 has a ∼2% carrier frequency in Ashkenazi Jews accounting for nearly 60% of their USH1 cases. Although cochlear implants can restore hearing perception in USH1 patients, presently there are no effective treatments for the vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa.

Variability in Capillary Perfusion Is Increased in Regions of Retinal Ischemia Due to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion.

Purpose: To investigate alterations in macular perfusion variability due to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) using a novel approach based on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) coefficient of variation (CoV) analysis.

Methods: Thirteen eyes of 13 patients with macular ischemia due to BRVO were studied. Multiple consecutive en face OCTA images were acquired.

Self-determination theory in ophthalmology education: factors influencing autonomy, competence and relatedness in medical students.

Background: The affective components of learning, including student motivation, has yet to be thoroughly investigated in undergraduate ophthalmology education. This study aims to use Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a framework to describe the variations in student perceptions of motivation in studying ophthalmology through their satisfactions of autonomy, competence and relatedness, and to highlight factors that stimulate or hinder this.

Methods: Penultimate year medical students from a single tertiary educational institution undertaking a clinical placement in ophthalmology participated in in-depth interviews to explore factors affecting their perceptions of motivation in studying ophthalmology.

Educators' consideration of learner motivation in ophthalmology education in medical school: Influences on teaching practice and course design.

Background: Ophthalmology education in medical school has historically neglected the impact of autonomous motivation on student learning and wellbeing. This study aimed to understand ophthalmology educators' consideration and application of student motivation in ophthalmology medical education.

Material And Methods: Lead ophthalmology educators from Australian and New Zealand medical schools participated in an online semi-structured in-depth interview.

Myopia outcome study of atropine in children: Two-year result of daily 0.01% atropine in a European population.

Purpose: The Myopia Outcome Study of Atropine in Children (MOSAIC) is an investigator-led, double-masked, randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine eye drops for managing myopia progression in a predominantly White, European population.

Methods: Children aged 6-16 years with myopia were randomly allocated 2:1 to nightly 0.

The role of epigenetic changes in the pathology and treatment of inherited retinal diseases.

Elucidation of the cellular changes that occur in degenerating photoreceptors of people with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) has been a focus for many research teams, leading to numerous theories on how these changes affect the cell death process. What is clearly emerging from these studies is that there are common denominators across multiple models of IRD, regardless of the underlying genetic mutation. These common markers could open avenues for broad neuroprotective therapeutics to prevent photoreceptor loss and preserve functional vision.

Macular neovascularization in inherited retinal diseases: A review.

Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are the most common cause of blindness in working-age adults. Macular neovascularization (MNV) may be a presenting feature or occurs as a late-stage complication in several IRDs. We performed an extensive literature review on MNV associated with IRDs.

Pearls and Pitfalls of Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy in Inherited Retinal Diseases.

Adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging enables individual photoreceptors to be visualized in the clinical setting. AO imaging can be a powerful clinical tool for detecting photoreceptor degeneration at a cellular level that might be overlooked through conventional structural assessments, such as spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Therefore, AO imaging has gained significant interest in the study of photoreceptor degeneration, one of the most common causes of inherited blindness.

The origins of the full-field flash electroretinogram b-wave.

The electroretinogram (ERG) measures the electrical activity of retinal neurons and glial cells in response to a light stimulus. Amongst other techniques, clinicians utilize the ERG to diagnose various eye diseases, including inherited conditions such as cone-rod dystrophy, rod-cone dystrophy, retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome, and to assess overall retinal health. An ERG measures the scotopic and photopic systems separately and mainly consists of an a-wave and a b-wave.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Impaired Antioxidant Responses in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Derived from a Patient with -Associated Retinopathy.

Mutations in the gene cause inherited retinal disease; however, the pathogenic mechanisms associated with RCBTB1 deficiency remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of RCBTB1 deficiency on mitochondria and oxidative stress responses in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from control subjects and a patient with -associated retinopathy. Oxidative stress was induced with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP).

Large-scale multitrait genome-wide association analyses identify hundreds of glaucoma risk loci.

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a highly heritable human disease. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified over 100 loci for the most common form, primary open-angle glaucoma. Two key glaucoma-associated traits also show high heritability: intraocular pressure and optic nerve head excavation damage quantified as the vertical cup-to-disc ratio.