Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed.

Objective: Results of reliability and agreement studies are intended to provide information about the amount of error inherent in any diagnosis, score, or measurement. The level of reliability and agreement among users of scales, instruments, or classifications is widely unknown. Therefore, there is a need for rigorously conducted interrater and intrarater reliability and agreement studies.

Attitudes of Egyptian nursing home residents towards staying in a nursing home: a qualitative study.

Aim.  The aim of this study was to identify the attitudes of Egyptian nursing home residents towards staying in a nursing home and to differentiate between various types of these attitudes. Background.

Frequency of pressure ulcers in the paediatric population: a literature review and new empirical data.

Background: Published pressure ulcer incidence and prevalence figures in the paediatric population vary widely. The frequency of pressure ulcers in the German paediatric population is unknown. Currently, a systematic synthesis of PU incidence and prevalence studies in paediatric settings is missing.

Using statistical process control for monitoring the prevalence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers.

Institutionally acquired pressure ulcers are used as outcome indicators to assess the quality of pressure ulcer prevention programs. Determining whether quality improvement projects that aim to decrease the proportions of institutionally acquired pressure ulcers lead to real changes in clinical practice depends on the measurement method and statistical analysis used. To examine whether nosocomial pressure ulcer prevalence rates in hospitals in the Netherlands changed, a secondary data analysis using different statistical approaches was conducted of annual (1998-2008) nationwide nursing-sensitive health problem prevalence studies in the Netherlands.

Moisture lesions: interrater agreement and reliability.

Aims And Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine interrater reliability and agreement of the diagnosis of moisture lesions as defined by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel.

Background: Differentiation between superficial pressure ulcers and moisture-related skin damages is difficult. To enhance the precision of the identification of moisture lesions, the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel provided wound- and patient-related characteristics.

Interrater reliability and agreement of the Care Dependency Scale in the home care setting in the Netherlands.

The care dependency scale (CDS) aims at determining nursing care needs in a holistic way, at providing standardized and meaningful descriptions of the type and intensity of nursing care needs and the degree of independence. Assessment results support appropriate care planning for individuals and they provide epidemiological data about care dependency. Although the CDS is used worldwide in various healthcare settings, data quality in the home care setting has not been examined yet.

Socio-demographic factors related to functional limitations and care dependency among older Egyptians.

Aim: This paper is a report of a study determining the relationship of socio-demographic factors to functional limitations and care dependency among older care recipients and non-care recipients in Egypt.

Background: The population is ageing in Egypt and age-related functional limitations are increasing. Age and gender influence this phenomenon, but its relationship to socio-economic status has not yet been demonstrated for Egypt.

Pressure ulcer risk assessment in critical care: interrater reliability and validity studies of the Braden and Waterlow scales and subjective ratings in two intensive care units.

Background: The application of standardized pressure ulcer risk assessment scales is recommended in clinical practice.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the interrater reliabilities of the Braden and Waterlow scores and subjective pressure ulcer risk assessment and to determine the construct validity of these three assessment approaches.

Design: Observational.

Prevalence of deep tissue injuries in hospitals and nursing homes: two cross-sectional studies.

Background: Deep tissue injuries are severe damages underneath the intact skin caused by long-endured, unrelieved pressure or shear forces. Empirical evidence regarding the magnitude of this health problem is limited.

Objective: Investigation of the prevalence, characteristics of persons affected and identification of the most affected body locations.

Pressure ulcers: a critical review of definitions and classifications.

Pressure ulcers are serious health problems. Although a vast amount of literature addresses prevention and treatment strategies, conceptual difficulties persist regarding pressure ulcer definitions, classifications, and distinction from other tissue lesions. Based on a review of terminologies as well as current state of knowledge on pathophysiology and etiology, questions as to what pressure ulcers are and what they are not are addressed.

Comparison of two skin examination methods for grade 1 pressure ulcers.

Aims And Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out whether the application of a transparent device for diagnosing grade 1 pressure ulcers influences grade 1 pressure ulcer prevalence rates and the total number of observed grade 1 pressure ulcers.

Background: It is assumed that the accuracy of visual grade 1 pressure ulcer diagnosis is enhanced if a transparent device is used.

Design: Quasi-experimental.

Factors related to the acceptance of home care and nursing homes among older Egyptians: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Socio-demographic changes may deprive older Egyptians from receiving care by family members and raise the question of how they react if they become dependent on help.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine factors related to the acceptance of home care and nursing homes among older Egyptians.

Design: A two group comparative design based on self-reports.

An interrater reliability study of the assessment of pressure ulcer risk using the Braden scale and the classification of pressure ulcers in a home care setting.

Background: Measurement error can seriously affect the validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment and of pressure ulcer classification.

Objectives: Determination of interrater reliability and agreement of pressure ulcer risk and pressure ulcers using the Braden scale and the EPUAP system.

Design And Setting: Duplicate assessments by trained nurses during two nationwide pressure ulcer prevalence surveys in the years 2007 and 2008 in The Netherlands in the home care setting.

The trend of pressure ulcer prevalence rates in German hospitals: results of seven cross-sectional studies.

Pressure ulcer prevalence rates provide useful information about the magnitude of this health problem. Only limited information on pressure ulcers in Germany was available before 2001. The purpose of this study was to compare results of seven pressure ulcer prevalence surveys which were conducted annually between 2001 and 2007 and to explore whether pressure ulcer prevalence rates decreased.

Hospital pressure ulcer prevalence rates and number of raters.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different numbers of nurse raters conducting skin inspection (one or two) on observed pressure ulcer prevalence rates.

Background: Pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence rates are important outcome measures for the quality of care. To ensure reliability and comparability of such rates standardisation of study methods is recommended.

A systematic review of interrater reliability of pressure ulcer classification systems.

Aims: To review systematically the interrater reliability of pressure ulcer classification systems to find out which classification should be used in daily practice.

Background: Pressure ulcer classification systems are important tools in research and practice. They aim at providing accurate and precise communication, documentation and treatment decisions.

Care dependency of hospitalized children: testing the Care Dependency Scale for Paediatrics in a cross-cultural comparison.

Aim: This paper is a report of a study to examine the psychometric properties of the Care Dependency Scale for Paediatrics in Germany and Egypt and to compare the care dependency of school-age children in both countries.

Background: Cross-cultural differences in care dependency of older adults have been documented in the literature, but little is known about the differences and similarities with regard to children's care dependency in different cultures.

Method: A convenience sample of 258 school-aged children from Germany and Egypt participated in the study in 2005.

Inter- and intrarater reliability of the Waterlow pressure sore risk scale: a systematic review.

Background: The Waterlow scale is one of the pressure ulcer risk assessment scales which are frequently criticised for their low reliability. It is widely used in the United Kingdom, Europe and all over the world.

Objectives: The study objectives were to systematically review and evaluate inter- and intrarater reliability and/or agreement of the whole Waterlow scale and its single items.

Attitudes of older Egyptians towards nursing care at home: a qualitative study.

The aim of this study was to identify the attitudes of older Egyptians towards receiving nursing care at home and to identify the characteristics that allow differentiating between various types of these attitudes. The number of older persons in Egypt requiring nursing care is increasing. Care was traditionally provided by the family, but the social network is changing in bigger cities.

An interrater reliability study of the Braden scale in two nursing homes.

Background: Adequate risk assessment is essential in pressure ulcer prevention. Assessment scales were designed to support practitioners in identifying persons at pressure ulcer risk. The Braden scale is one of the most extensively studied risk assessment instruments, although the majority of studies focused on validity rather than reliability.

The meaning of care dependency as shared by care givers and care recipients: a concept analysis.

Aim: This paper is a report of a concept analysis to identify a meaning of care dependency that can be shared by both care givers and care recipients.

Background: Care dependency can be perceived from the care recipient's and the care giver's perspective. To allow for comparisons, both sides should share the same understanding of the concept.

Interpreting interrater reliability coefficients of the Braden scale: a discussion paper.

There are many studies investigating psychometric properties of the Braden scale, a scale that predicts the risk for pressure ulcers. The main focus of these studies is validity as opposed to reliability. In order to estimate the degree of interrater reliability a literature review revealed that numerous statistical approaches and coefficients were used (Pearson's product-moment correlation, Cohen's kappa, overall percentage of agreement, intraclass correlation).