Nebulized aminoglycosides for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Methodological considerations and lessons from experimental studies.

Aminoglycosides are concentration-dependent antibiotics exerting a bactericidal effect when concentrations at the site of infection are equal to or greater than 5 times the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). When administered intravenously, they exhibit poor lung penetration and high systemic renal and ototoxicity, imposing to restrict their administration to 5 days. Experimental studies conducted in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep and pigs provide evidence that high doses of nebulized aminoglycosides induce a rapid and potent bacterial killing in the infected lung parenchyma.

Feeding interruptions for extubation and other procedures.

Purpose Of Review: The objective of this review is to examine the available evidence concerning feeding interruptions before extubation and other medical procedures in ICUs. We will analyze the physiological mechanisms involved, the potential risks associated with feeding interruptions, as well as the results of recent clinical studies. Additionally, we will explore current practices and recommendations from major professional societies, as well as recent innovations aimed at minimizing feeding interruptions.

A breath of fresh air: inhaled antibodies to combat respiratory infectious diseases - a clinical trial overview.

Introduction: With the worldwide growing burden of respiratory tract infections (RTIs), innovative therapeutic approaches are in high demand. Inhaled antibodies (Abs) represent a promising avenue, offering targeted treatment options with potentially better therapeutic index compared to traditional delivery methods.

Areas Covered: This comprehensive review summarizes the challenges faced in delivering Abs by (intranasal and pulmonary) inhalation.

[Antibioprophylaxis failure with BCG therapy for bladder neoplasia].

Introduction: BCG therapy is the standard treatment for bladder tumors that do not infiltrate smooth muscle. Fluoroquinolones for antibiotic prophylaxis are recommended to lessen the risk of BCG infection (BCGitis) with respiratory involvement.

Case Report: This study describes five cases of BCGitis in males, with a median age of 71years [range: 66-77years] having undergone ofloxacin prophylaxis during their BCG therapy for a non-invasive bladder tumor (grade pT1a).

The CheckMate 816 trial: a milestone in neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy of nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Advancements in immunotherapy in the perioperative setting have revolutionised the treatment of resectable nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we present the methodology and results of the clinical trial CheckMate 816 demonstrating the benefit of neoadjuvant therapy with nivolumab plus chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone. Furthermore, this article discusses the implications for future practice in resectable NSCLC and the need for future research.

The deadly dance of alveolar macrophages and influenza virus.

Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory infections. The lack of efficient anti-influenza therapeutics requires a better understanding of how IAV interacts with host cells. Alveolar macrophages are tissue-specific macrophages that play a critical role in lung innate immunity and homeostasis, yet their role during influenza infection remains unclear.

Effect of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen versus standard oxygen on mortality in patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: protocol for a multicentre, randomised controlled trial (SOHO).

Introduction: First-line oxygenation strategy in patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure consists in standard oxygen or high-flow nasal oxygen therapy. Clinical practice guidelines suggest the use of high-flow nasal oxygen rather than standard oxygen. However, findings remain contradictory with a low level of certainty.

Administration of airborne pathogens in non-human primates.

Purpose: Airborne pathogen scan penetrate in human respiratory tract and can cause illness. The use of animal models to predict aerosol deposition and study respiratory disease pathophysiology is therefore important for research and a prerequisite to test and study the mechanism of action of treatment. NHPs are relevant animal species for inhalation studies because of their similarities with humans in terms of anatomical structure, respiratory parameters and immune system.

Synergy between and anti-PcrV antibody delivered in the airways to boost protection against .

Therapeutic antibodies (Ab) have revolutionized the management of multiple illnesses including respiratory tract infections (RTIs). However, anti-infectious Ab displayed several limitations including antigen restrictiveness, narrowed therapeutic windows, and limited dose in the vicinity of the target when delivered by parenteral routes. Strategies enhancing further Ab-dependent containment of infection are currently needed.

Pressure control plus spontaneous ventilation versus volume assist-control ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. A randomised clinical trial.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a pressure-controlled strategy allowing non-synchronised unassisted spontaneous ventilation (PC-SV) to a conventional volume assist-control strategy (ACV) on the outcome of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Methods: Open-label randomised clinical trial in 22 intensive care units (ICU) in France. Seven hundred adults with moderate or severe ARDS (PaO/FiO < 200 mmHg) were enrolled from February 2013 to October 2018.

Pharmacological induction of the hypoxia response pathway in Huh7 hepatoma cells limits proliferation but increases resilience under metabolic stress.

The hypoxia response pathway enables adaptation to oxygen deprivation. It is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), which promote metabolic reprogramming, erythropoiesis, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. This led to the successful development of HIF-inducing drugs for treating anemia and some of these molecules are now in clinic.

Erratum to "Fungal cell wall components modulate our immune system" [Cell Surf. 7 (2021) 100067].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.

In silico approaches for better understanding cysteine cathepsin-glycosaminoglycan interactions.

Cysteine cathepsins constitute the largest cathepsin family, with 11 proteases in human that are present primarily within acidic endosomal and lysosomal compartments. They are involved in the turnover of intracellular and extracellular proteins. They are synthesized as inactive procathepsins that are converted to mature active forms.

Aerosolized Antibiotic Therapy in Mechanically Ventilated Patients.

Delivering antibiotics directly to the respiratory tract through inhalation to address lung infections has garnered clinical and scientific interest for decades, given the potential favorable pharmacokinetic profile of this administration route. Among critically ill patients, the burden of healthcare-associated pulmonary infections particularly drove continued interest in delivering inhaled antibiotics to intubated patients. We present a concise overview of the existing rationale and evidence and provide guidance for implementing inhaled antibiotics among ventilated critically ill patients, emphasizing insights from recent literature.

Dual neutrophil subsets exacerbate or suppress inflammation in tuberculosis via IL-1β or PD-L1.

Neutrophils can be beneficial or deleterious during tuberculosis (TB). Based on the expression of MHC-II and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), we distinguished two functionally and transcriptionally distinct neutrophil subsets in the lungs of mice infected with mycobacteria. Inflammatory [MHC-II, PD-L1] neutrophils produced inflammasome-dependent IL-1β in the lungs in response to virulent mycobacteria and "accelerated" deleterious inflammation, which was highly exacerbated in IFN-γR mice.

Prophylactic Antibiotics Delivered Via the Respiratory Tract to Reduce Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Objectives: To assess the effects of antibiotics delivered via the respiratory tract in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Data Sources: We searched PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies published in English up to October 25, 2023.

Description of a Murine Model of Pneumocystis Pneumonia.

Pneumocystis pneumonia is a serious lung infection caused by an original ubiquitous fungus with opportunistic behavior, referred to as Pneumocystis jirovecii. P. jirovecii is the second most common fungal agent among invasive fungal infections after Candida spp.

Extracellular vesicles: new bullets in the fungal armory.

Invasive fungal infections represent millions of deaths per year, but their pathophysiology remains insufficiently understood. Host-fungi interplay has been recently shown to include extracellular vesicles derived from fungi and host infected cells. In this forum article we discuss their emerging role in modulating the host immune response with particular emphasis on their regulatory involvement during Candida albicans infection.

The epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in transplant recipients.

Transplant patients, including solid-organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, are exposed to various types of complications, particularly rejection. To prevent these outcomes, transplant recipients commonly receive long-term immunosuppressive regimens that in turn make them more susceptible to a wide array of infectious diseases, notably those caused by opportunistic pathogens. Among these, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) remain a major cause of mortality and morbidity in both SOT and HSCT recipients.