Association of socioeconomic inequality in cardiovascular disease risk with economic development across 57 low- and middle-income countries: Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative individual-level data.

Background: According to epidemiological transition theory, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk shifts down the socioeconomic distribution with economic development.

Methods: We tested this hypothesis using nationally representative data on 88,559 individuals aged 40-80 years from 57 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We used measured risk factors to estimate the 10-year probability of a CVD event (CVD risk) and proxied socioeconomic status (SES) by years of education.

A common factor underlying individual differences in confirmation bias.

When they are asked to test a given hypothesis, individuals tend to be biased towards confirming evidence. This phenomenon has been documented on different cognitive components: information search, weighing of evidence, and memory recall. However, the interpretation of these observations has been debated, and it remains unclear whether they truly reflect a confirmation bias (as opposed to e.

The role of loss aversion in social conformity: psychological and neural representations.

The impact of others' choices on decision-making is influenced by individual preferences. However, the specific roles of individual preferences in social decision-making remain unclear. In this study, we examine the contributions of risk and loss preferences as well as social influence in decision-making under uncertainty using a gambling task.

Stroke but no hospital admission: Lost opportunity for whom?

To counter the spread of COVID-19, the French government imposed several stringent social and political measures across its entire population. We hereto assess the impact of these political decisions on healthcare access in 2020, focusing on patients who suffered from an ischemic stroke. We divide our analysis into four distinct periods: the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, the lockdown period, the "in-between" or transitional period, and the shutdown period.

Perceived health status after mid-urethral sling revision in 287 women from the VIGI-MESH registry: A cross-sectional study.

Objective: To evaluate the health status and recovery of women after mid-urethral sling (MUS) revision in response to complications.

Design: Cross-sectional study using a questionnaire sent to women from a registry.

Setting: Twenty-two French surgical centres.

Democratising complex system modelling.

In the contemporary context of an acute need for sustainability and swift response to imminent crises such as global warming, pandemics and economic system disruptions, the focus on responsible decision making, ethical risk assessment and mitigation at all organizational levels is an overarching goal. Our aim is to introduce a deterministic method for investigating the stability of complex systems, in order to find the most important elements of such systems and their impact on different scenarios. The novelty of the current approach lies in its compact format and intuitive nature, designed to accommodate a limited amount of computational resources.

Clear as a bell? Policy stringency and elderly health during Covid-19.

This paper investigates how restriction policies have impacted elderly self-assessed health (SAH) in Europe during the pandemic, and how the Covid-19 infection interacts with policy stringency to modulate the SAH deterioration. Using the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) between October 2019 and August 2021, including 9,034 adults aged 50 years and above, alongside with a stringency index from the Oxford's Coronavirus Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), we design both an adjusted probit model and a recursive bivariate probit model to test for endogeneity of Covid-19 infection. Estimations results show a bell curve between stringency and SAH degradation: a deleterious effect of restrictions at low levels of stringency up to a tipping point after which more stringent policies become protective.

Can "Hazard-Cost-Effectiveness Analysis" improve the risk management of chemicals under REACH?

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) is a decision-making framework to prioritize policy decisions for chemicals. Differences in hazard profiles among chemicals are not integrated in CEA under the EU REACH Regulation, which could limit its relevance. Another concern is that two different economic decision support methods (CEA for chemicals considered as PBTs or vPvBs from a regulatory perspective and Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) for others) are used under REACH.

Health protective behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic: Risk adaptation or habituation?

Many epidemiological works show that human behaviours play a fundamental role in the spread of infectious diseases. However, we still do not know much about how people modify their Health Protective Behaviours (HPB), such as hygiene or social distancing measures, over time in response to the health threat during an epidemic. In this study, we examined the role of the epidemiological context in engagement in HPB through two possible mechanisms highlighted by research into decision-making under risk: risk adaptation and risk habituation.

What should be done to combat misinformation about health products?

The increasing role of digital technology, social media, the wide range of channels and the volume of information, the role of medicine as a societal subject, public information that is insufficient and poorly suited to situations of uncertainty are all observations which led to the theme of this round table. After discussing the definition of disinformation, which is not limited to fake news, and talking about contributors who misinform, whether intentionally or not, the participants of this round table made nine recommendations (R) to combat disinformation about health products: create a collaborative platform, information/training on health products, a platform with five major characteristics, namely accessibility, flexibility, objectivity, transparency and independence, as well as media suited to the different targets (R1); promote basic knowledge on health products: education/training to restore the particularly poor image of medication, and teach the public how to use basic concepts appropriately (R2); improve communication to the public based on the observation that information is the main weapon against misinformation and entails, in particular, coordinating communication from the different institutions to make public information more audible, making institutional messages clearer, ensuring they are more factual and prioritising them (R3); know how to communicate using the correct codes and tools (R4), because, to be understood, the substance and the form are inseparable; develop research on communication in the field of health products (R5); acquire tools to identify and regulate as soon as possible (R6); keep check of content by developing critical thinking (R7); define quality criteria for information sources (R8); identify, assess and reference initiatives for the public that could be placed on the platform (R9).

Biofilm Assessment and Metagenomic Analysis of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannulas and Membrane Oxygenators.

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) exposes the patient to infectious complications related to the cannulas or the site of insertion. The aim of the current study was to investigate and compare the prevalence of cannula and membrane oxygenators colonization using three different methods: microbiological culture, scanning electron microscopy, and metagenomic (rRNA 16S analysis). A monocentric prospective study was conducted between December 2017 and June 2018.

The structure of global cultural networks: Evidence from the diffusion of music videos.

We apply the independent cascade network inference model to a large database of music videos to infer the structure of the global network of music diffusion. The derived network reveals an intricate topology-fully interconnected, exhibiting a modular structure, and characterized by asymmetric links. We explore the relationship between the identified bilateral cultural diffusion pathways and the geographical and cultural distances among countries, and key socioeconomic interactions such as international trade and migration.

Confidence in visual detection, familiarity and recollection judgments is preserved in schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

An effective way to quantify metacognitive performance is to ask participants to estimate their confidence in the accuracy of their response during a cognitive task. A recent meta-analysis raised the issue that most assessments of metacognitive performance in schizophrenia spectrum disorders may be confounded with cognitive deficits, which are known to be present in this population. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the reported metacognitive deficits are metacognitive in nature or rather inherited from cognitive deficits.

Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with anticancer and immune system targeting drugs: New insights from real-world data using the WHO pharmacovigilance database.

Background: The worldwide development of immune system targeting/anticancer drugs has revolutionized immuno-oncology, but their implication in thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes (TMA) is increasingly suspected. Using real-world data, the aim of this study was to identify drugs associated with TMA reporting and to describe the evolution of TMA reporting over time with a focus on these drugs.

Methods: A global disproportionality study was performed using the individual case safety reports (ICSRs) extracted from the World Health Organization (WHO) pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase) from its inception (1968) to April 30, 2022.

E-prescription and invisible work in genomics in France.

This article aims to analyze the transformations in medical prescription work and infrastructures brought by digitalization. Our fieldwork takes place in the context of precision medicine development based on genomics High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) in France, through the Plan France Médecine Génomique (PFMG 2025). The Plan aims at industrializing the production of genomic testing in clinical context at a national scale, particularly in oncology.

How overconfidence bias influences suboptimality in perceptual decision making.

In perceptual decision making, it is often found that human observers combine sensory information and prior knowledge suboptimally. Typically, in detection tasks, when an alternative is a priori more likely to occur, observers choose it more frequently to account for the unequal base rate but not to the extent they should, a phenomenon referred to as "conservative decision bias" (i.e.

From local to global estimations of confidence in perceptual decisions.

Perceptual confidence has been an important topic recently. However, one key limitation in current approaches is that most studies have focused on confidence judgments made for single decisions. In three experiments, we investigate how these local confidence judgments relate and contribute to global confidence judgments, by which observers summarize their performance over a series of perceptual decisions.

Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying fear-biased adaptation learning in changing environments.

Humans are able to adapt to the fast-changing world by estimating statistical regularities of the environment. Although fear can profoundly impact adaptive behaviors, the computational and neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. Here, we conducted a behavioral experiment (n = 21) and a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment (n = 37) with a novel cue-biased adaptation learning task, during which we simultaneously manipulated emotional valence (fearful/neutral expressions of the cue) and environmental volatility (frequent/infrequent reversals of reward probabilities).

The heuristics-and-biases inventory: An open-source tool to explore individual differences in rationality.

Over the last two decades, there has been a growing interest in the study of individual differences in how people's judgments and decisions deviate from normative standards. We conducted a systematic review of heuristics-and-biases tasks for which individual differences and their reliability were measured, which resulted in 41 biases measured over 108 studies, and suggested that reliable measures are still needed for some biases described in the literature. To encourage and facilitate future studies on heuristics and biases, we centralized the task materials in an online resource: The Heuristics-and-Biases Inventory (HBI; https://sites.

[Inflammatory bowel diseases: Scoring and pathological reports optimization].

The two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Both diseases have inflammatory flare-ups that alternate with periods of remission. The pathologist may examine biopsies of the digestive tract from IBD patients in different contexts: at the time of the initial diagnosis, in the event of a disease flare-up in order to differentiate a flare of the disease from another cause, particularly an infectious one, and during the long term follow-up of the disease in order to detect the occurrence of dysplastic lesions.

Ballooned neurons in semi-recent severe traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is now recognized as an insult triggering a dynamic process of degeneration and regeneration potentially evolving for years with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) as one major complication. Neurons are at the center of the clinical manifestations, both in the acute and chronic phases. Yet, in the acute phase, conventional neuropathology detects abnormalities predominantly in the axons, if one excludes contusions and hypoxic ischemic changes.