Ventilatory, hemodynamic, sympathetic nervous system, and vascular reactivity changes after recurrent nocturnal sustained hypoxia in humans.

Recurrent and intermittent nocturnal hypoxia is characteristic of several diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea. The contribution of hypoxia to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these disease states is unclear, however. To investigate the impact of recurrent nocturnal hypoxia on hemodynamics, sympathetic activity, and vascular tone we evaluated 10 normal volunteers before and after 14 nights of nocturnal sustained hypoxia (mean oxygen saturation 84.

[Beyond the lips. Reconstructive techniques and indications].

Labial tissue defects that extend beyond the anatomic boundary of the labial region confront us with two distinct reconstructive problems. When the extension is centrifugal towards the periphery, the tissue loss is essentially tegumentary. The reconstructive aim in this case is not only to restore tissues of the perilabial areas with the best possible morphologic and functional harmony but also to place the reconstructed lip harmoniously and in good relation to these structures.