Heart rate variability in the standing position reflects training adaptation in professional soccer players.

Purpose: To show that heart rate variability (HRV) in the standing position better reflects the way in which athletes adapt to training in so-called intermittent sports than the indicator of resting parasympathetic tone usually employed in endurance sports.

Methods: Twenty professional soccer players (intermittent sport) took part in a 5-week training session divided into three successive periods: "Warm-up", "Intensive training" and "Tapering". At the beginning and end of each of the three periods, a stand test was carried out and the heart rate was recorded, beat by beat (Polar Team 2).

Constitutive mosaic aneuploidy is a unique genetic feature widespread in the Leishmania genus.

Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we determined the ploidy of four species of Leishmania: Leishmania infantum, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania amazonensis. We found that each cell in a strain possesses a combination of mono-, di- and trisomies for all chromosomes; ploidy patterns were different among all strains/species. These results extend those we previously described in Leishmania major, demonstrating that mosaic aneuploidy is a genetic feature widespread to the Leishmania genus.