Optimising Paediatric HIV Treatment: Recent Developments and Future Directions.

Treatment options for children living with HIV have historically been less effective, less practical and more difficult to implement compared with those for adults, as the research and development of new drugs for children has lagged behind. Significant progress has been achieved in response to the paediatric HIV epidemic over the last decade. Several optimised paediatric antiretroviral formulations are currently available or in development, including fixed-dose combination tablets containing a complete World Health Organization-recommended regimen.

Implementing a Care Pathway for small and nutritionally at-risk infants under six months of age: A multi-country stakeholder consultation.

Nutritional vulnerability under the age of 6 months is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries with 20.1% infants underweight, 21.3% wasted and 17.

Estimating the total incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents aged 0-19 years from 1990 to 2050: a global simulation-based analysis.

Background: Previous studies of type 1 diabetes in childhood and adolescence have found large variations in reported incidence around the world. However, it is unclear whether these reported incidence levels are impacted by differences in country health systems and possible underdiagnosis and if so, to what degree. The aim of this study was to estimate both the total and diagnosed incidence of type 1 diabetes globally and to project childhood type 1 diabetes incidence indicators from 1990 to 2050 for each country.

Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Chronic Hepatitis B Serological Markers among Senegalese HIV Co-infected Children.

Background: Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes complex interactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and HBV evolution among HIV coinfected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 252 HIV infected children enrolled in the Hôpital d'enfants Albert Royer, Dakar, Senegal, from April 2013 to March 2015.

Changes in the Molecular Epidemiology of Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis in Senegal After Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction.

Background: Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of mortality among children under 5 years of age. Senegal is part of World Health Organization-coordinated sentinel site surveillance for pediatric bacterial meningitis surveillance. We conducted this analysis to describe the epidemiology and etiology of bacterial meningitis among children less than 5 years in Senegal from 2010 and to 2016.

Combined and differential effects of alpha-thalassemia and HbF-quantitative trait loci in Senegalese hydroxyurea-free children with sickle cell anemia.

Background: Our objective was to investigate the combined and differential effects of alpha-thalassemia -3.7 kb deletion and HbF-promoting quantitative trait loci (HbF-QTL) in Senegalese hydroxyurea (HU)-free children and young adults with sickle cell anemia (SCA).

Procedure: Steady-state biological parameters and vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) requiring emergency admission were recorded over a 2-year period in 301 children with SCA.

[Heart failure with normal heart revealing complex arteriovenous malformation of the lower limb in a child: case study and literature review].

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are congenital high-flow vascular defects. They are very rare in children. Diagnosis and treatment are often delayed due to their atypical place of occurrence and to their variable clinical manifestations.

A Toll-like receptor 2 genetic variant modulates occurrence of bacterial infections in patients with sickle cell disease.

Despite adequate immunization and penicillin prophylaxis, bacterial infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Besides hyposplenism, inflammatory and genetic factors might modulate their susceptibility to bacterial infections. We performed a candidate gene association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes, encoding prominent molecules for innate immune responses, with the occurrence of bacterial infections in patients with SCD.

[Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) insensitivity syndrome: about a case].

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) insensitivity syndrome is one of the rare causes of adrenal insufficiency in children. All described inherited ACTH insensitivity forms are of autosomal recessive origin. In our resource-poor Countries, many of these rare diseases are ignored or not diagnosed due to inadequate technical equipments.

Improving the informed consent process among HIV-infected undisclosed minors participating in a biomedical research: insights from the multicentre nutritional SNACS study in Senegal.

Objectives: Providing research information in a manner accessible to minors participating in biomedical research is a major challenge. Guidance is dramatically lacking regarding best practices for seeking informed consent among undisclosed minors enrolled in HIV-related research. We implemented an improved informed consent process (IICP) and identified factors associated with understanding of the information presented to HIV-infected minors prior to their enrolment in a study.

Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction Is Associated With Extracardiac Organ Damages.

Several studies conducted in America or Europe have described major cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). We aimed at assessing cardiac involvement in SCD in sub-Saharan Africa where SCD is the most prevalent. In Cameroon, Mali and Senegal, SCD patients and healthy controls of the CADRE study underwent transthoracic echocardiography if aged ≥10 years.

Low prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected Senegalese children on long-term antiretroviral treatment: the ANRS 12279 MAGGSEN Pediatric Cohort Study.

Background: The long-term benefits of antiretroviral treatment (ART) are associated with metabolic complications, especially lipodystrophy, which has been well described among HIV-infected adults and children on ART in developed settings. Specifically, stavudine, and to a lesser extent zidovudine and protease inhibitors (PI), have been consistently implicated in the development of lipodystrophy. In 2006, following advice from the WHO, Senegal began phasing out stavudine from first-line ART.

Vaccination coverage and immunization timeliness among children aged 12-23 months in Senegal: a Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis approach.

Introduction: Expanded programme on immunizations in resource-limited settings currently measure vaccination coverage defined as the proportion of children aged 12-23 months that have completed their vaccination. However, this indicator does not address the important question of when the scheduled vaccines were administered. We assessed the determinants of timely immunization to help the national EPI program manage vaccine-preventable diseases and impact positively on child survival in Senegal.

[Hyperthyroidism in children at the University Hospital in Dakar (Senegal)].

Introduction: Hyperthyroidism in children is rare and constitutes a problem because of its psychosomatic impact. This study aimed to present an overview of the state of knowledge on these aspects in children from Dakar.

Methods: We conducted a multicenter, descriptive study over a period of 15 years.

Genetic Background of the Sickle Cell Disease Pediatric Population of Dakar, Senegal, and Characterization of a Novel Frameshift β-Thalassemia Mutation [HBB: c.265_266del; p.Leu89Glufs*2].

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder with a large variability in the pattern and severity of clinical manifestations. Different genetic modulators have been identified but very few epidemiologic data are available on these modifier genes in Senegal. This study aimed to determine their prevalence in a Senegalese sickle cell disease pediatric population.

Simulation training for emergency obstetric and neonatal care in Senegal preliminary results.

To describe a new training approach for emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC) introduced in Senegal to strengthen the skills of healthcare providers. The approach was based on skills training according to the so-called "humanist" method and on "lifesaving skills". Simulated practice took place in the classroom through 13 clinical stations summarizing the clinical skills needed for EmONC.

Risk Factors for Growth Retardation in HIV-infected Senegalese Children on Antiretroviral Treatment: The ANRS 12279 MAGGSEN Pediatric Cohort Study.

Objectives: To describe prevalence and risk factors for wasting and stunting among HIV-infected children with a median duration of 3 years of antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the time of their enrollment in the cohort study.

Methods: Wasting and stunting at ART initiation and enrollment were defined as weight-for-height/body mass index-for-age Z scores < -2 and height-for-age Z scores < -2, respectively. Logistic regression was used to assess risk factors for wasting and stunting.

Acceptability of Outpatient Ready-To-Use Food-Based Protocols in HIV-Infected Senegalese Children and Adolescents Within the MAGGSEN Cohort Study.

Objectives: To assess the acceptability of ready-to-use food (RUF)-based outpatient protocols in HIV-infected children and adolescents with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM).

Methods: Plumpy Nut and Plumpy Sup were supplied every 2 weeks and prescribed by weight to SAM and MAM children, respectively. Forty-three children, 24 MAM and 19 SAM, were enrolled.

[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in children at the University Hospital Center in Dakar: about four cases].

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a common cause of organic acute renal failure (ARF) in children. It is a progressive complication of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), especially caused by Escherichia coli in children. This study aimed to describe the clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this affection in four children.

[Particularities of liver abscesses in children in Senegal: Description of a series of 26 cases].

Unlabelled: Liver abscess is a serious infection that can cause life-threatening complications.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, and progression of liver abscess at the Dakar National Albert-Royer Children's Hospital.

Method: A retrospective study was conducted from over a period of 5 years (1st January 2010 to 31st December 2014).

[Malignant infantile osteopetrosis revealed by choanal atresia: A case report].

Malignant infantile osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disease characterized by increased bone density due to osteoclastic dysfunction. We report on the case of a 3-month-old girl who was referred to our hospital by the ENT department for severe anemia in the context of bilateral choanal atresia. Clinical examination showed failure to thrive, anemia, respiratory distress, bilateral choanal atresia, and chest deformation.

[Kangaroo mother care for low birth weight infants at Albert-Royer National Children Hospital Center of Dakar].

Introduction: Kangaroo care (KC) is an effective method to care for low birth weight (LBW) newborns, particularly in developing countries. The objective of this study was to estimate the efficacy of this method and its impact on morbidity and mortality of LBW infants admitted to the KC unit of Albert-Royer National Children's Hospital Center (ARNCHC) in Dakar, Senegal.

Material And Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center study from July 2011 to July 2013.