Comparing Historical and Contemporary Observations of Avian Fauna on the Yáláƛi (Goose Island) Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada.

In an era of global change, historical natural history data can improve our understanding of ecological phenomena, particularly when evaluated with contemporary Indigenous and place-based knowledge. The Yáláƛi (Goose Island) Archipelago is a group of islands in Heiltsuk (Haíɫzaqv) territory on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada. Not only has this region been important to the Heiltsuk for millennia but also it is both a federally and internationally recognized important bird area.

Stereocontrolled and time-honored access to piperidine- and pyrrolidine-fused 3-methylenetetrahydropyrans using lactam-tethered alkenols.

Polycyclic oxygen-heterocycles bearing the 3-methylenetetrahydropyran (, 3-MeTHP) motif are resident in bioactive molecules such as hodgsonox and iridoid. Meanwhile, the δ- and γ-lactam topologies as well as their reduced variants (, piperidines and pyrrolidines) are at the core of several pharmaceuticals and fragrances. A stereocontrolled, time-honored, and cost-effective strategy that merges a 3-MeTHP motif with the aforementioned azaheterocyclic scaffolds could exponentially expand the 3D-structural space for the discovery of new small molecules with medicinal value.

Harnessing the 1,3-azadiene-anhydride reaction for the regioselective and stereocontrolled synthesis of lactam-fused bromotetrahydropyrans by bromoetherification of lactam-tethered trisubstituted tertiary alkenols.

Halo-cycloetherification of lactam-tethered alkenols enables the construction of oxygen-heterocycles that are fused to nitrogen heterocycles intramolecular halonium-induced nucleophilic addition. Specifically, tetrahydropyrans (THPs) that are fused to a nitrogen heterocycle constitute the core of several bioactive molecules, including tachykinin receptor antagonists and alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists. Although the literature is replete with successful examples of the halo-cycloetherification of simple mono- or disubstituted primary alkenols, methods for the modular, efficient, regioselective, and stereocontrolled intramolecular haloetherification of sterically encumbered trisubstituted tertiary alkenols are rare.

Hypertension Prevalence and Related Risk Factors Among Mexican American Adults Are Increasing: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2018.

Background: Acculturation affects hypertension prevalence among Hispanic people, but there have been no recent analyses specifically focused on Mexican American (MA) people. We sought to determine age-adjusted hypertension prevalence, abdominal obesity, and acculturation trends among MA adults and non-Hispanic White adults.

Methods And Results: Data from the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) were analyzed in 2-year increments to observe trends in hypertension and risk factors (age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, abdominal obesity, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), education, and income).

Revisiting the 1,3-azadiene-succinic anhydride annulation reaction for the stereocontrolled synthesis of allylic 2-oxopyrrolidines bearing up to four contiguous stereocenters.

Polysubstituted 2-oxopyrrolidines bearing at least two contiguous stereocenters constitute the core of several pharmaceuticals, including clausenamide (antidementia). Here, we describe a flexible annulation strategy, which unites succinic anhydride and 1,3-azadienes to produce allylic 2-oxopyrrolidines bearing contiguous stereocenters. The approach is chemoselective, efficient, modular, scalable, and diastereoselective.

Diastereospecific arylation and cascade deconstructive amidation/thioesterification of readily available lactam-fused bromolactones.

An intrinsic goal when designing synthetic methodology is to identify approaches whereby readily accessible precursors are converted into an array of products, which efficiently tap into new 3D-chemical space. In these studies, readily available bicyclic lactam-bromolactones have been interrogated in several fragment growth protocols by utilizing the halogen and lactone motifs as versatile linchpins for strategic construction of C-C, C-N, C-O, and C-S bonds. Diastereospecific C(sp)-C(sp) Kumada coupling of sterically imposing [5,5]-bicyclic lactam-bromolactones with several aryl Grignard reagents, under palladium catalysis, furnishes diarylmethane-tethered lactam-lactones in synthetically attractive yields, stereoinvertive fashion, and with a tolerance for many functional groups.

Regiodivergent synthesis of sulfone-tethered lactam-lactones bearing four contiguous stereocenters.

Sulfone-tethered lactones/amides/amines display a diverse spectrum of biological activities, including anti-psychotic and anti-hypertensive. Sulfones are also widely present in functional materials and fragrances. We therefore reasoned that a regiodivergent and stereocontrolled strategy that merges the sulfone, lactone, and lactam motifs would likely lead to the discovery of new pharmacophores and functional materials.

Diversification processes in Gerp's mouse lemur demonstrate the importance of rivers and altitude as biogeographic barriers in Madagascar's humid rainforests.

Madagascar exhibits exceptionally high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Models to explain the diversification and distribution of species in Madagascar stress the importance of historical variability in climate conditions which may have led to the formation of geographic barriers by changing water and habitat availability. The relative importance of these models for the diversification of the various forest-adapted taxa of Madagascar has yet to be understood.

Introducing a sulfone-embedded anhydride to the anhydride-imine reaction for the modular synthesis of N-heterocyclic sulfones bearing vicinal stereocenters.

N-heterocyclic sulfones constitute the core of several pharmaceuticals, including the antityrpanosomal drug Nifurtimox. Their biological relevance and architectural complexity makes them valued targets and inspires the development of more selective and atom-economical strategies for their construction and post-modification. In this embodiment, we describe a flexible approach to sp-rich N-heterocyclic sulfones, which hinges on the efficient annulation of a novel sulfone-embedded anhydride with 1,3-azadienes and aryl aldimines.

Serendipitous synthesis of cross-conjugated dienes by cascade deconstructive esterification of thiomorpholinone-tethered alkenoic acids.

Functionalized 1,3-dienes are ubiquitous structural motifs in biologically pertinent molecules. They are frequently employed as precursors for a broad range of chemical transformations, including Diels-Alder reactions. The stereoselective construction of highly decorated 1,3-dienes therefore represents an important research objective.

Contra-thermodynamic halolactonization of lactam-tethered 5-aryl-4()-pentenoic acids for the flexible and stereocontrolled synthesis of fused lactam-halolactones.

Halolactonization of alkenoic acids enables the construction of oxygen-heterocycles intramolecular halonium-induced nucleophilic addition. Although the literature is currently inundated with halolactonizations of 5-aryl-4()-pentenoic acids that predictably afford the 6 cyclization adducts, methods that reliably alter the innate regioselectivity bias to instead deliver the thermodynamically less favored 5 cyclization products are relatively rare. Here, we attempt to bridge this gap and have found mild conditions for contra-thermodynamic halolactonization of lactam-tethered 5-aryl-4()-pentenoic acids that lead to the formation of -fused lactam-γ-lactones.

Stereocontrolled access to δ-lactone-fused-γ-lactams bearing angular benzylic quaternary stereocenters.

C-fused γ-lactam-lactones are resident in several bioactive molecules, including anticancer agents such as omuralide. In this embodiment, we report mild conditions for the catalytic halolactonization of lactam-tethered 5-aryl-4()-pentenoic acids. The use of dichloromethane as the solvent and PhP[double bond, length as m-dash]S as the catalyst led to predominant 6- cyclization and furnished the -fused-γ-lactam-δ-lactones.

Leveraging the 1,3-azadiene-anhydride reaction for the synthesis of functionalized piperidines bearing up to five contiguous stereocenters.

A modular and scalable strategy, which remodels 3-methylglutaric anhydride to 2-oxopiperidines bearing at least three contiguous stereocenters is described. The approach relies on the chemoselective and stereocontrolled annulation of 1,3-azadienes with the anhydride component. The resulting acid-tethered allylic 2-oxopiperidines are then engaged in several selective fragment growth processes, including catalytic denitrative alkenylation, halolactonization, and Vilsmeier-Haack functionalization.

Female behavioral strategies during consortship in Tibetan macaques ().

Consortship has been defined as a temporary association between an adult male and an estrous/receptive female. It has been considered as male mating strategies to improve male mating success and potential reproductive success. However, the female roles have been more or less neglected, and thus, less is known about female behavioral strategies during the consortship periods.

Habitat characteristics or protected area size: What is more important for the composition and diversity of mammals in nonprotected areas?

The margins of protected areas are usually considered to have greater forest degradation, and given that most mammals live outside protected areas, researchers and conservation practitioners are increasingly recognizing that nonprotected areas must be incorporated into conservation strategy. However, the strategy used to manage these areas still involves increasing the size of protected areas, while not considering the habitat characteristics and requirements of the species. In this study, during a 3-year period, camera trap and habitat characteristic surveys were used to estimate composition, diversity, and habitat characteristics of mammals to determine habitat characteristics or increase the size of protected areas what should be considered first for mammals' conservation in a nonprotected area near the Huangshan Mountains in Anhui Province, China.

Modular synthesis and transition metal-free alkynylation/alkenylation of Castagnoli-Cushman-derived ,- and ,-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides.

A modular and functional group-tolerant protocol for the transition metal-free coupling of novel ,- and ,-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides with terminal acetylenes and styrenes has been developed, leading to the epimerization-free synthesis of fully carbofunctionalized dihydro-1,4-oxazines/thiazines. Bicyclic morpholines have also been prepared through the interrogation of newly synthesized cross-conjugated dienes in Diels-Alder reactions. The use of environmentally benign reaction media endows the current strategy with a practical advantage.

Transition metal-free domino acyl substitution/Michael addition of alkenyl Grignard reagents to lactam esters: synthesis of lactam-bearing homoallylic ketones.

A solvent-controlled protocol for the direct and transition metal-free addition of alkenyl Grignard reagents to vicinally functionalized sp-rich morpholinones has been developed, leading to the chemo and regioselective synthesis of lactam-bearing homoallylic ketones. The addition of lithium chloride proved to be essential. In cases where a new stereocenter is generated, the doubly branched homoallylic ketones are obtained in unexpectedly high diastereoselectivities.

Site-selective, catalytic, and diastereoselective sp C-H hydroxylation and alkoxylation of vicinally functionalized lactams.

The C-H bond functionalization of sp carbon centres presents a significant challenge due to the inert nature of hydrocarbons as well as the need to selectively functionalize one of the numerous aliphatic C-H bonds embodied in organic molecules. Here, we describe catalytic, diastereoselective, and site-selective sp C-H hydroxylation/alkoxylation protocols featuring dihydroisoquinolones, γ-, and δ-lactams, which bear vicinal stereocenters. The hydroxylation strategy utilizes oxygen, a waste-free oxidant and affords attractive fragments for potential drug discovery.

Catalytic, selective, and stereocontrolled construction of C4 quaternary and homobenzylic dihydroisoquinolones by sp C-H benzylation.

C1 benzylated isoquinoline derivatives constitute the core of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). However, their C4 congeners remain elusive. Here, we describe a diastereoselective, catalytic, and modular C(sp)-C(sp) coupling protocol wherein β-amino sp C-H bonds of readily affordable vicinally functionalized dihydroisoquinolones are replaced by sp C-benzyl bonds.

Comparison of two sources of iodine delivery on breast milk iodine and maternal and infant urinary iodine concentrations in southern Ethiopia: A randomized trial.

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation could expose the infant to severe iodine deficiency disorders. A randomized supplementation trial among rural lactating women was conducted in Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia, to compare the methods of iodine delivery on breast milk iodine, and on maternal and infant urinary iodine concentrations. Women were randomly assigned either to receive 225 μg iodine as potassium iodide capsule daily for 6 months or 450 g of appropriately iodized salt (30-40 μg I as KIO/g of salt) weekly for household consumption for 6 months.

Genetic diversity of North American captive-born gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are designated as critically endangered and wild populations are dramatically declining as a result of habitat destruction, fragmentation, diseases (e.g., Ebola) and the illegal bushmeat trade.