[Community-acquired pneumonia caused by biological pathogens].

Community-acquired pneumonia is still serious disease with morbidity estimated at 5-12 per thousand adult population. The proper management of patients with pneumonia is crucial for effectiveness of therapy and decrease of mortality. There are few classifications of pneumonia severity.

[Possibilities of therapeutic intervention in severe infections].

Severe infections of the respiratory system are the most important causes of hospital mortality and often unfold as severe sepsis or septic shock. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with infection evidence (known as sepsis) and septic shock (severe sepsis with hemodynamic instability relentless on fluid resuscitation) are major healthcare problems, affecting millions of individuals around the world and killing about one-third affected every year. Similarly to myocardial infarction or severe trauma rapid onset and appropriateness of medical management in the first hours of sepsis are key point for clinical outcome.

[Possibilities of clinical and laboratory diagnosis of severe respiratory infections].

According to the WHO pneumonia are the third leading cause of death in low-and middle-income countries. In these countries, an important issue are also HIV/AIDS infections and tuberculosis. The clinical picture of severe pneumonia - outside hospital (community aquired pneumonia - CAP) and in-hospital (hospital-associated pneumonia - HAP & ventilator-associated pneumonia - VAP) is different similarly to laboratory examines results.

[Characteristic and classification of biological agents].

Respiratory tract infections are caused by biological pathogens, which are found in the environment around us. They cause inflammation of varying severity, threatening the health and lives. For this reason they can be used as a biological weapon.

[Semantic variant of the fluent primary progressive aphasia--case report].

Unlabelled: Originally progressive aphasia (primary progressive aphasia - PPA) is a specific clinical syndrom, recognized as one of three forms fronto-temporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). This group also includes fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) and semantic dementia (SD). The classification of Bonner et al distinguished three variants of PPA: logopenic, agrammatic and semantic PPA.

[Current methods of ventral hernias repair].

Hernioplasty is the most common procedure performed on surgical wards. The golden standard among the different techniques of hernia repair is the usage of mesh. It resulted in the reduction of recurrences below 1% of primary repairs.

[Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer].

Gastrointestinal cancer poses a major clinical challenge in the developed world where the disease is common. Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the use of natural, synthetic or chemical agents to reverse, suppress or prevent carcinogenic progression to invasive cancer. The success of several clinical trials in preventing cancer in high-risk populations suggests that chemoprevention can be rational strategy.

[New possibilities for detection of adenomas of the colon].

More and more modern diagnostic methods are utilised in detection of colon adenomatous lesions. This trend is associated with increased efficiency of new research techniques as well as the necessity of more accurate assessment of discovered lesions during endoscopic examinations. New techniques can be particularly utilised in detection of flat polypous lesions, whose localisation is especially difficult.

[Perspectives in inflammatory bowel diseases treatment].

Development in immunology and better understanding of prolonged inflammatory process is basic in inflammatory bowel diseases treatment development. The new generation of drugs could be included infliximab and adalimumab. To the same group we include tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab, onercept), selective adhesive molecules inhibitors (natalizumab, alicaforsen), Th1 dependent reaction inhibitors (anti-il-12, tacrolismus, il-10), lymphocytes migration inhibitors (natalizumab).

[Mucosal healing in Crohn disease].

Crohn disease treatment is a considerable challenge for a medical doctor. Gaining clinical remission is not enough. The important factor taken into account in treatment is gaining clinical remission and complete mucosal healing.

[New trends in bariatric surgery].

The surgical treatment of obesity reaches the 50th of last century. The first operations were based on significant shortening of digestive tract and were associated with many metabolic disturbances. The growing epidemic of obesity was the most decisive factor for the development of bariatric surgery.

[Ultrasonographic elastography in alimentary tract lesions diagnostics].

Technology development in data processing in ultrasonography let new imaging method feasible. New method of imaging is elastography (elastosonography, ultrasonographic elastography). It relays on the presumption that pathologically changed tissues have different elasticity and change their shape in different way than health tissue.

[Conditions and limits of radiological examinations of the digestive tract].

The rising incidence of alimentary tract diseases forces imaging metod development. Developing radiologic diagnostics changed imaging methods role and increased quality demand. X-ray based methods are still used in diagnosing many illnesses.

[New methods of identification and screening of Barrett's esophagus].

The increase of patients number suffering from neoplastic esophageal diseases bring about application of most modern technics aiming at the earliest possible detection of pathology and the possibility of its efficient screening. The new technics detecting pathology on the cellular level join with the well-known chromo- and magnifying endoscopy. These include the spectroscopy analysis, getting 3D view of magnifying esophageal mucosa.

[Non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease].

Non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD) is still underappreciated type of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is not a homogenous group of patients with real reflux, oversensitivity of esophagus and functional dyspepsia. Nowadays often in classifications of GERD patients with NERD are omitted.

[The importance of functional tests in gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosing, monitoring and treatment].

Gastroesophageal reflux disease has become recently an important question, especially in developed countries. Untreated or improperly treated could in chronic disease or can lead to serious complications including esophageal cancer. Early diagnosis establishment basing on clinical symptoms and diagnosing methods.

[Gastroesophageal reflux disease--diagnosis and management].

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a serious clinical problem. In clinical classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease we differentiate esophageal and non-esophageal syndromes. In case of esophageal syndromes we differentiate based on clinical signs and syndromes with esophageal mucosal lesions based diagnosed on base of upper alimentary tract endoscopic and histopathologic assessment.

[Evolution of views on surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and hiatal hernia].

This year it has been 90 years since the first hiatal hernia repair was performed (Soresi, 1919). Nowadays surgeons' approach to operational treatment has changed as a result of development of more precise imaging techniques, better understanding of physiology and pathology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), invention of effective medicines and alternative endoscopic procedures. Complications and discomfort in patients during a follow-up resulted in evolution of surgical methods.

[Therapeutic and diagnostic problems in a patient with a pelvic tumour--case report].

Colorectal cancer has become the commonest form of cancer in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and nowadays it is the second cause of death among all malignant tumours. Bladder cancer is the fourth commonest tumour in males and eighth in females. In the article we present the case of 72-year-old patient with pelvic tumour and accompanied diagnostic and therapeutic problems.

[Oligosymptomatic alimentary tract perforation in course of Crohn's disease in patient treated with anti-TNF alfa antibodies].

Successful Crohn's disease conservative treatment is often associated with use of few, sometimes new drugs. Their clinical use apart from inflammatory process decrease is associated with some risk. In the paper we report a case of 23-year-old woman suffering from Crohn's disease treated successfully with anti-TNF antibodies.

[Combined management of pancreatic injury after airgunshot--case report].

Pancreatic trauma is a big diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for physicians. Because of retroperitoneal localization pancreas is protected from damages. Isolated pancreatic injury is rare.

[TNF alfa polymorphism and course of ulcerative colitis].

Unlabelled: Inflammatory bowel diseases including ulcerative colitis are associated with prolonged inflammatory process, that is dependent on cytokine production. Among them crucial role plays tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha. There is proven association between single nucleotyde polimorphism and ability to produce cytokines.

[Non-variceal bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract].

Unlabelled: Bleeding from the upper part of gastrointestinal tract is very often complication of gastrointestinal diseases. Bleeding is one of the most common cause of hospitalisation in surgical wards. It's found in 15-20% gastric and duodenal ulcer.

[Non-erosive reflux disease in endoscopy and histopathology].

The Aim: Non-erosive reflux disease is presented in reflux diseases classifications not adequately Many esophageal lesions were described in different endoscopic techniques but not one classification was proposed. In many patients with signs of prolonged gastro-esophageal reflux in endoscopic assessment pale mucosa above gastro-esophageal junction was observed. In some patients color of esophagus in distal part becomes white and grey.