Dilute Povidone-Iodine Irrigation: The Science of Molecular Iodine (I2) Kinetics and Its Antimicrobial Activity.

Dilute povidone-iodine (polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine [PVP-I]) irrigation in spine surgery and total joint arthroplasty has seen a rapid and substantial increase in its use during the past decade. Yet, most surgeons do not know the chemistry and biochemistry that explain its efficacy in preventing infections. PVP-I forms a complex with molecular iodine (I2), facilitating the delivery of I2 to the membrane of the infectious organism.

A Comparison of Physical Activity and Exercise Recommendations for Public Health: Inconsistent Activity Messages Are Being Conveyed to the General Public.

We examined the similarities and differences between government-supported public health activity recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Health Service (NHS), the Department of Health and Aged Care (DHAC), and one of the most renowned public health activity recommendations, the 10,000 Steps Program. The findings derived from our evaluation suggest a lack of consistency in public health activity recommendations, including the nomenclature used to describe aerobic activity, the amount of time required per week to meet the minimum recommendation for moderate and vigorous activity, and variations in the intensities required to meet aerobic activity recommendations. We also found that moderate-intensity activity (3.

Evaluation of Neonatal Screening Programs for Tyrosinemia Type 1 Worldwide.

In The Netherlands, newborn screening (NBS) for tyrosinemia type 1 (TT1) uses dried blood spot (DBS) succinylacetone (SUAC) as a biomarker. However, high false-positive (FP) rates and a false-negative (FN) case show that the Dutch TT1 NBS protocol is suboptimal. In search of optimization options, we evaluated the protocols used by other NBS programs and their performance.

N-Acetyltyrosine as a Biomarker of Parenteral Nutrition Administration in First-Tier Newborn Screening Assays.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a nutrient solution administered intravenously (IV) to premature babies. PN causes elevations of some amino acids in blood samples that are also biomarkers used in newborn screening (NBS). Therefore, PN status must be annotated by clinicians on dried blood spot (DBS) cards to reduce NBS laboratory burdens associated with potential false results; however, NBS laboratories continue to receive DBSs with misannotated PN status.

State Variation in Uptake of Pharmacy-Based CLIA-Waived Testing: Impact of Laws and Regulations.

Community pharmacies have grown to be an increasingly important provider of CLIA-waived tests, just second to physician offices as the venue with the most waivers. Yet, individual variation is still observed across states with respect to the percentage of pharmacies holding a CLIA-waiver, with a reported range of 10.7% in Massachusetts to 87.

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2-confirmed hospitalisation in the eastern part of the WHO European Region (2022-2023): a test-negative case-control study from the EuroSAVE network.

Background: Understanding COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in preventing severe disease is critical to inform vaccine policy. We used the test-negative design to estimate VE against SARS-CoV-2-confirmed hospitalisation in adults ≥18 years in the eastern WHO European Region.

Methods: We included patients hospitalised for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) at sentinel surveillance sites in Albania, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, North Macedonia, Serbia, and in Kosovo.

Changes in muscle-to-fat ratio are associated with lung function decline and airflow obstruction in the general population.

Background: The long-term relationship between body composition and lung function has not yet been fully demonstrated. We investigated the longitudinal association between muscle-to-fat (MF) ratio and lung function among middle-aged general population.

Methods: Participants were enrolled from a community-based prospective cohort between 2005 and 2014.

Child mortality in Eastern Ethiopia: acceptability of Postmortem minimally invasive tissue sampling in a predominantly muslim community.

Background: It is crucial to consider cultural, religious, and socio-behavioural factors that may influence the acceptability of Minimally Invasive Tissues Sampling (MITS). MITS is being used to understand the causes of child death and conducted in nine countries within Africa and South Asia with the highest child mortality. Progress has been made in the development of laboratory infrastructures and training for physicians to do MITS, but many communities are concerned about the religious acceptability of taking samples from deceased children.

U-shaped association of uric acid to HDL cholesterol ratio (UHR) with ALL-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients: NHANES 1999-2018.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) and ALL-cause and cardiovascular mortality among diabetic patients.

Methods: This study utilized health data from diabetic patients included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018. The Kaplan-Meier curves was employed to preliminarily explore the association between UHR, its components, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients, as well as to analyze UHR levels and mortality across different genders.

Establishment, Implementation, Initial Outcomes, and Lessons Learned from Recent HIV Infection Surveillance Using a Rapid Test for Recent Infection Among Persons Newly Diagnosed With HIV in Thailand: Implementation Study.

Background: A recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) incorporating case surveillance (CS) with the rapid test for recent HIV infection (RTRI) was integrated into HIV testing services in Thailand as a small-scale pilot project in October 2020.

Objective: We aimed to describe the lessons learned and initial outcomes obtained after the establishment of the nationwide recent HIV infection surveillance project from April through August 2022.

Methods: We conducted desk reviews, developed a surveillance protocol and manual, selected sites, trained staff, implemented surveillance, and analyzed outcomes.

Penalizing underage alcohol use is associated with lower mortality for young drivers: Use/lose laws and their association with motor vehicle collision mortality.

Background: Motor vehicle collisions (MVC) continue to be a leading cause of mortality for youth in the United States. Since 2010, seven states have revoked mandatory laws that suspended licenses for underage alcohol use, also known as use/lose laws. This study analyzed whether each state's policy change was associated with increased youth MVC mortality.

Anticipated facilitators and barriers for long-acting injectable antiretrovirals as HIV treatment and prevention in Vietnam: a qualitative study among healthcare workers.

Background: Long-acting injectable antiretrovirals (LAI-ARVs) for HIV prevention and treatment have been demonstrated in clinical trials to be non-inferior to daily oral medications, providing an additional option to help users overcome the challenges of daily adherence. Approval and implementation of these regimens in low- and middle-income settings have been limited.

Method: This study describes the anticipated barriers and facilitators to implementing LAI-ARVs in Vietnam to inform future roll-out.

Salmonellosis outbreak associated with the consumption of food at a wedding in an urban restaurant in Kazakhstan: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: From June 13-16, 2022, a regional epidemiological department in Kazakhstan reported an increase in acute gastroenteritis cases among people who consumed food from a wedding at a restaurant. An investigation was initiated to determine factors associated with acute intestinal infection and prevent further illness.

Methods: The investigation team conducted a retrospective cohort study among people who consumed event food.

Description of School Outcomes Among Children With Traumatic Brain Injuries, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Concussion Surveillance System Pilot.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common injury in children. Though research on youth TBI has largely focused on high school students, this study describes selected school outcomes after TBI in the past 12 months among children aged 5-17 years.

Methods: Data from parent-proxy respondents from the pilot administration of the National Concussion Surveillance System (a random-digit-dial telephone survey with over 10,000 adult respondents) were examined.

Non-fatal drug overdose surveillance using hospital discharge data: a comparison between the Drug Overdose Surveillance and Epidemiology (DOSE) system and the Healthcare Cost and Utilisation Project, 18 states, 2018-2020.

Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Drug Overdose Surveillance and Epidemiology (DOSE) system captures non-fatal overdose data from health departments' emergency department (ED) and inpatient hospitalisation discharge data; however, these data have not been compared with other established state-level surveillance systems, which may lag by several years depending on the state. This analysis compared non-fatal overdose rates from DOSE discharge data with rates from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) in order to compare DOSE data against an established dataset.

Methods: DOSE discharge data case definitions (ie, International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification codes) for non-fatal unintentional/undetermined intent all drug, all opioid-involved, heroin-involved and stimulant-involved overdoses were applied to HCUP's 2018-2020 State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD) and State Inpatient Databases (SID).

Equitable and effective clinical guidance development and dissemination: trauma aims to lead the way.

Thirty-four per cent of deaths among Americans aged 1-46 are due to injury, and many of these deaths could be prevented if all hospitals performed as well as the highest-performing hospitals. The Institute of Medicine and the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine have called for learning health systems, with emphasis on clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) as a means of limiting preventable deaths. Reduction in mortality has been demonstrated when evidence-based trauma CPGs are adhered to; however, guidelines are variably updated, redundant, absent, inaccessible, or perceived as irrelevant.

Malaria transmission in the coastal zone and in the Centre of Côte d'Ivoire during the dry season.

Background: Malaria remains a threat in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Côte d'Ivoire, where it is endemic and represents the leading cause of hospital consultations, morbidity and mortality. The strong climatic variations that exist between coastal and savannah areas of Côte d'Ivoire suggest that vector control interventions should be scheduled according to the eco-epidemiological diversity. This study evaluates bioecological parameters of vectors and malaria transmission in two health districts, one coastal and one central of Côte d'Ivoire.

Comparison of Chlamydia trachomatis Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Infection Among Women by Gender/Sex of Sex Partner, United States, 2013-2016.

Objectives: Women who report sex with women are thought to have lower risk for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection than women who report sex with men only (WSM-only), but comparisons of lifetime burden are limited.

Methods: Among 1,418 sexually-experienced women aged 18-39 years participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2016), we estimated weighted CT seroprevalence and Wald-based 95% confidence intervals (CI) in women who reported ever having sex with a woman (all reported having sex with men also) (WSWM) compared to WSM-only. We defined seropositivity as detection of Pgp3 antibodies and used stratified Poisson regression with robust standard errors to estimate prevalence ratios.

Estimating the incidence of antimicrobial resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States among men and women aged 15-39 years, 2008-2019.

Background: The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) was established to monitor antimicrobial resistance (AR) in N. gonorrhoeae in the United States. Isolates collected in GISP undergo antimicrobial susceptibility testing allowing for estimates of resistance, based on exceeding minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), to be calculated.

Trends in syphilis case rates among women of reproductive age - United States, 2013-2022.

We analyzed syphilis case notifications in reproductive age women during 2013-2022. Late/unknown duration syphilis grew faster after 2020 (45.8% versus 17.

National Poison Data System Annual Report: under the hood.

Introduction: The 41st National Poison Data System Annual Report from America's Poison Centers is published in this issue of This Commentary focuses on comparing the different poisoning-related surveillance systems in the United States while highlighting some of the strengths and weaknesses of the National Poison Data System. It also reviews the process underlying the fatality review section of the Annual Report.

Comparison Of Poisoning Surveillance Systems: In order to place the data reported by the National Poison Data System in context, the National Poison Data System was compared to other available poisoning surveillance systems in the United States: the American College of Medical Toxicology's Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) Registry, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Injury Prevention and Control Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) which partners with the Consumer Products Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System - All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) database.

Trends in sepsis-associated cardiovascular disease mortality in the United States, 1999 to 2022.

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, and sepsis significantly contributes to hospitalization and mortality. This study aims to assess the trends of sepsis-associated CVD mortality rates and variations in mortality based on demographics and regions in the US.

Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) database was used to identify CVD and sepsis-related deaths from 1999 to 2022.

Potential Use of Voice-Activated Personal Assistants in Diabetes Prevention and Management: An Exploratory Qualitative Study Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

Background: Diabetes affects millions of people in the United States and poses significant health and economic challenges, but it can be prevented or managed through health behavior changes. Such changes might be aided by voice-activated personal assistants (VAPAs), which offer interactive and real-time assistance through features such as reminders, or obtaining health information. However, there are little data on interest and acceptability of integrating VAPAs into programs such as the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) or diabetes, self-management, education, and support (DSMES) services.