Fungal Development and Callose Deposition in Compatible and Incompatible Interactions in Melon Infected with Powdery Mildew.

Two post-haustorial resistance mechanisms (types I and II) against powdery mildew, caused by , have been described previously in melon according to the arresting of fungal development and the timing of hypersensitive response (HR) in host cells. In our work, host-pathogen interactions between races 1, 2, and 5 of and several melon accessions carrying different resistance genes, have been characterized by observing several parameters, such as the number of fungal penetration points with callose accumulation, the number of epidermal cells with callose accumulation in their cell walls, and the number of conidiophores developed. Influence of temperature was observed in some cases affecting the timing of fungal development arrest.

Glycosyltransferases: the multifaceted enzymatic regulator in insects.

Glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyse the reaction of glyco-conjugation of various biomolecules by transferring the saccharide moieties from an activated nucleotide sugar to nucleophilic glycosyl acceptor. In insects, GTs show diverse temporal and site-specific expression patterns and thus play significant roles in forming the complex biomolecular structures that are necessary for insect survival, growth and development. Several insects exhibit GT-mediated detoxification as a key defence strategy against plant allelochemicals and xenobiotic compounds, as well as a mechanism for pesticide cross-resistance.

Impact of year of harvest, genotype and cultivation method on bioactives and Pru d 1 allergen content in plums.

The present work studied the effect of the year of harvest, the genotype and the cultivation method on the nutritional quality and the allergen content of three plum cultivars. The common quality parameters and the phytochemical content strongly varied with the year and the cultivar, while the system of cultivation had a minor influence. In particular, ascorbic acid greatly decreased in 2016 compared to 2015, while polyphenols were higher in 2016.

Author Correction: Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria.

In the version of this Article originally published, it was incorrectly stated that "16,687 protein-coding genes were inferred for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Armillaria"; the value was incorrect and it should have read "15,787". This has now been corrected.

Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria.

Armillaria species are both devastating forest pathogens and some of the largest terrestrial organisms on Earth. They forage for hosts and achieve immense colony sizes via rhizomorphs, root-like multicellular structures of clonal dispersal. Here, we sequenced and analysed the genomes of four Armillaria species and performed RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomic analysis on the invasive and reproductive developmental stages of A.

High-density genetic mapping identifies the genetic basis of a natural colony morphology mutant in the root rot pathogen Armillaria ostoyae.

Filamentous fungi exhibit a broad spectrum of heritable growth patterns and morphological variations reflecting the adaptation of the different species to distinct ecological niches. But also within species, isolates show considerable variation in growth rates and other morphological characteristics. The genetic basis of this intraspecific variation in mycelial growth and morphology is currently poorly understood.

Volatile Compound and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal Temporal and Spatial Production of LOX-Derived Volatiles in Pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) Fruit and LOX Specificity.

Lipoxygenase (LOX) is an important contributor to aroma compounds in most fresh produce; however, little is known about the LOX pathway in pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) fruit. We explored the LOX aroma compounds produced by the flesh and the peel and identified eight putative LOX genes expressed in both tissues during fruit growth and development during two consecutive seasons. This study shows that pepino produces C5, C6, and C9 LOX-derived compounds.

Genome sequence of Coxiella burnetii strain Namibia.

We present the whole genome sequence and annotation of the Coxiella burnetii strain Namibia. This strain was isolated from an aborting goat in 1991 in Windhoek, Namibia. The plasmid type QpRS was confirmed in our work.

Efficient isolation of pure and functional mitochondria from mouse tissues using automated tissue disruption and enrichment with anti-TOM22 magnetic beads.

To better understand molecular mechanisms regulating changes in metabolism, as observed e.g. in diabetes or neuronal disorders, the function of mitochondria needs to be precisely determined.

Liver adapts mitochondrial function to insulin resistant and diabetic states in mice.

Background & Aims: To determine if diabetic and insulin-resistant states cause mitochondrial dysfunction in liver or if there is long term adaptation of mitochondrial function to these states, mice were (i) fed with a high-fat diet to induce obesity and T2D (HFD), (ii) had a genetic defect in insulin signaling causing whole body insulin resistance, but not full blown T2D (IR/IRS-1(+/-) mice), or (iii) were analyzed after treatment with streptozocin (STZ) to induce a T1D-like state.

Methods: Hepatic lipid levels were measured by thin layer chromatography. Mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) levels and function were determined by Western blot, spectrophotometric, oxygen consumption and proton motive force analysis.

Effects of sampling techniques on population assessment of invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus.

In this study, a comparison of point abundance sampling (PAS) electrofishing, angling with two different hook sizes and trap-based fishing was performed in a non-wadeable river to analyse their effects on catch per unit effort (CPUE) and population characteristics of invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus. PAS electrofishing was identified as the most effective (mean ± s.e.

Loss of nuclear flavanols during drought periods in Taxus baccata.

Normally, needles of Taxus baccata during the growth period prominently stain blue for nuclear flavanols with the histochemical DMACA procedure. However, under excess heat and drought conditions, nuclear flavanols of current-year needles decline to zero. Nevertheless, greenish-yellow-coloured flavonols (quercetin derivatives) were still observed in nuclei.

Optimization of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of complex polyphenol mixtures and application for sainfoin extracts (Onobrychis viciifolia).

A pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFP) stationary phase was tested for the simultaneous determination of several classes of phenolic compounds. The chromatographic results were compared with those obtained by using a bifunctional phase constituted of octadecyl and phenylpropyl bonded silica and three conventional C18 columns. The elution gradient was optimized with 5% formic acid and sodium acetate in combination with acetic acid as additives and methanol as solvents.

Heterologous expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductases from various plants.

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductases (DFR) catalyze the stereospecific reduction of dihydroflavonols to the respective flavan 3,4-diols (leucoanthocyanidins) and might also be involved in the reduction of flavanones to flavan-4-ols, which are important intermediates in the 3-deoxyflavonoid pathway. Several cDNA clones encoding DFR have been isolated from different plant species. Despite the important function of these enzymes in the flavonoid pathway, attempts at heterologous expression of cDNA clones in Escherichia coli have failed so far.