A Mobile Phone App to Support Adherence to Daily HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Engagement Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women Aged 15 to 19 Years in Thailand: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Widespread smartphone use provides opportunities for mobile health HIV prevention strategies among at-risk populations.

Objective: This study aims to investigate engagement in a theory-based (information-motivation-behavioral skills model) mobile phone app developed to support HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence among Thai young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young transgender women (YTGW) in Bangkok, Thailand.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted among HIV-negative YMSM and YTGW aged 15-19 years initiating daily oral PrEP.

Sexually transmitted infections incidence in young Thai men who have sex with men and transgender women using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections are a major public health issue worldwide. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among youth may be associated with increased incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Objectives: To measure the prevalence and incidence of STIs among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young transgender women (YTGW) using PrEP.

Preference and ability to perform blood-versus oral-fluid-based HIV self-testing in adolescents and young adults in Bangkok.

Adolescents and young adults (AYA) have limited access to HIV screening tests despite the risk of acquiring HIV infection. This study aims to understand AYA preferences and their ability to perform HIV self-tests (HIVST). A cross-sectional study looked at AYA preferences when offered a choice between blood-based (INSTI) and oral fluid-based (OraQuick) HIVST.

Severe Recurrent Bacterial Pneumonia Among Children Living With HIV.

Background: Bacterial pneumonia imparts a major morbidity and mortality burden on children living with HIV, yet effective prevention and treatment options are underutilized. We explored clinical factors associated with severe recurrent bacterial pneumonia among children living with HIV.

Methods: Children enrolled in the TREAT Asia Pediatric HIV Observational Database were included if they started antiretroviral therapy (ART) on or after January 1st, 2008.

Keeping It Real: Antibiotic Use Problems and Stewardship Solutions in Low- and Middle-income Countries.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat and there is an urgent need to manage antibiotic use to slow its development. However, antimicrobial stewardship interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have been limited in terms of their resourcing, feasibility and effectiveness in the face of greater challenges in child mortality. We sought to gather together examples of antibiotic use problems faced by clinicians in LMIC, many of which are unique to these settings, and real-world antimicrobial stewardship solutions identified, with the goal of learning broader lessons that might be applicable across LMIC.

Seroprevalence of mumps among children and adolescents in Thailand, 2020.

Thailand has implemented single-dose mumps-containing vaccines since 1997 and two doses since 2010. This study aimed to describe the seroprevalence of mumps among children who received one- or two-dose mumps vaccines. A cross-sectional study of 145 children (aged 3-9 years) and 422 adolescents (10-18 years) was conducted.

Adaptation of a Theory-Based Social Networking and Gamified App-Based Intervention to Improve Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in Bangkok, Thailand: Qualitative Study.

Background: HIV disproportionately affects young Thai men who have sex with men (YMSM). Recent studies report a high incidence and prevalence of HIV among Thai YMSM. The Thai national guidelines have recommended pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) since 2014 for key populations; free PrEP has been piloted since 2019.

Immunogenicity of 2-dose pre-exposure rabies vaccine co-administered with quadrivalent influenza vaccine in children.

Objectives: The World Health Organization recommends a 2-dose rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimen. This study aimed to compare the immunogenicity of rabies PrEP regimens co-administered with inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4).

Methods: Children aged 3 to 9 years were randomly assigned (2:2:1) to receive 0.

Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem in critically ill infant patients.

Background: Population pharmacokinetic analysis in critically ill infants remains a challenge for lack of information.

Objectives: To determine the population pharmacokinetic parameters of meropenem and evaluate the covariates affecting population pharmacokinetic parameters.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 35 patients.

Acceptability of blood-based HIV self-testing among adolescents aged 15-19 years at risk of HIV acquisition in Bangkok.

Introduction: Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young transgender women (YTGW) in Thailand are at high HIV risk. HIV self-tests (HIVSTs) are rapidly administrable and prompt linkage to HIV treatment or prevention services. This study assesses the acceptability and feasibility of blood-based HIVST use in adolescents.

No increased acute kidney injury rate through giving an intravenous colistin loading dose in pediatric patients.

Objectives: A colistin loading dose is required to achieve adequate drug exposure for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, data on acute kidney injury (AKI) rates associated with this approach in children have been unavailable. The aim of this study was to examine AKI rates in children who were prescribed a colistin loading dose.

Acceptance and outcome of interventions in a meropenem de-escalation antimicrobial stewardship program in pediatrics.

Background: Prospective audit and feedback is a method that allows the antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) team to interact with attending physicians to tailor antibiotic therapy, including de-escalation, as appropriate. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptance and outcomes of ASP de-escalation recommendations in children who received meropenem.

Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in children aged 1 month to 18 years who received meropenem in a tertiary-care teaching hospital.

Viral Rebound Kinetics Correlate with Distinct HIV Antibody Features.

Plasma viremia reoccurs in most HIV-infected individuals once antiretroviral therapy (ART) is interrupted. The kinetics of viral rebound, specifically the time until plasma virus becomes detectable, differ quite substantially between individuals, and associations with virological and immunological factors have been suggested. Standard clinical measures, like CD4 T-cell counts and plasma HIV RNA levels, however, are poor predictive markers.

Improving Methods to Classify Perinatal versus Nonperinatal HIV Acquisition in Young Adolescents 10-14 Years of Age.

Mode of HIV acquisition for adolescents with HIV is often not recorded within routine healthcare databases. Hence, age at enrollment in HIV care is often used as a proxy for perinatal versus nonperinatal infection. Using routine cohort data from adolescents presenting for HIV care 10-14 years of age, we developed logistic regression models to predict likely mode of infection.

Predictive Factors of Severe Adverse Events in Pediatric Oncologic Patients with Febrile Neutropenia.

Objectives: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is severe and potentially life-threatening in oncologic patients. The objective of this study is to define the factors associated with severe adverse outcomes of pediatric FN.

Methods: A retrospective and prospective descriptive study performed in pediatric patients diagnosed with FN at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital from January 2013 to December 2017.

Youth-friendly services and a mobile phone application to promote adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis among adolescent men who have sex with men and transgender women at-risk for HIV in Thailand: a randomized control trial.

Introduction: Strategies are needed to curb the increasing HIV incidence in young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and transgender women (YTGW) worldwide. We assessed the impact of youth-friendly services (YFS) and a mobile phone application (app) on adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in YMSM and YTGW in Thailand.

Methods: A randomized control trial was conducted in YMSM and YTGW aged 15 to 19 years.

Risk factors of severe hospitalized respiratory syncytial virus infection in tertiary care center in Thailand.

Aim: To determine factors associated with severe hospitalized Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated LRTI and to describe management in tertiary care center.

Methods: Retrospective medical record review was conducted among children under 5 years old hospitalized with RSV-associated LRTI at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Severe RSV-associated LRTI was defined as death, mechanical ventilator, or positive pressure ventilation use, prolonged hospitalization >7 days.

Identification, Management, and Outcomes of Combination Antiretroviral Treatment Failure in Adolescents With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Asia.

Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) failure is a major threat to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) programs, with implications for individual- and population-level outcomes. Adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection (PHIVA) should be a focus for treatment failure given their poorer outcomes compared to children and adults.

Methods: Data (2014-2018) from a regional cohort of Asian PHIVA who received at least 6 months of continuous cART were analyzed.

Continuous Prophylactic Antiretrovirals/Antiretroviral Therapy Since Birth Reduces Seeding and Persistence of the Viral Reservoir in Children Vertically Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background: Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) restricts the size of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir in infants. However, whether antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis given to exposed vertically infected children exerts similar effects remains unknown.

Methods: We measured total and integrated HIV DNA, as well as the frequency of CD4 T cells producing multiply spliced RNA (msRNA) after stimulation (inducible reservoir) in vertically infected Thai infants.

Husband's willingness-to-pay for HIV and syphilis screening at antenatal care clinic under the Thai universal coverage scheme.

Background: Screening for sexually transmitted infection (STI) especially HIV as early detection and treatment have been financially supported under the Thai Universal Coverage (UC) scheme since 2009 (THB140 for HIV). However, the implementation has not been evidence-based, strategic risk-based, nor economically evaluated whereas husbands who accompanied the pregnant women are likely to have a lower risk than those who did not come along. This study is aimed to determine the husband's willingness-to-pay (WTP) for his HIV and syphilis screening tests and potential factors affecting STI screenings at the antenatal care (ANC) clinic of a tertiary hospital in Thailand.

Greater optimisation of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters through a loading dose of intravenous colistin in paediatric patients.

Use of colistin in children is rising in line with the increase of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). In adults, a colistin loading dose is recommended to achieve therapeutic concentrations within 12-24 h. Here we aimed to describe the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of a loading dose versus a recommended initial dose of intravenous colistimethate sodium (CMS) in paediatric patients.

Efficacy of chlorhexidine patches on central line-associated bloodstream infections in children.

Background: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are important hospital-acquired infections. Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressings (also known as chlorhexidine patches, CHG patches) are reported to decrease CLABSIs in adults. This study aims to determine the efficacy of CHG patches in reducing CLABSIs in children.

Antimicrobial prescription patterns in a tertiary-care pediatric unit in Thailand.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest public health threats worldwide. The improper prescription of antibiotics is one factor that promotes antibiotic resistance. Access to antimicrobial surveillance data is essential when assessing the pattern and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescriptions in hospitals and for the establishment of an antimicrobial stewardship program.