Arabidopsis JAZ Proteins Interact with and Suppress RHD6 Transcription Factor to Regulate Jasmonate-Stimulated Root Hair Development.

Root hairs arise from trichoblasts and are crucial for plant anchorage, nutrient acquisition, and environmental interactions. The phytohormone jasmonate is known to regulate root hair development in Arabidopsis (), but little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying jasmonate modulation in this process. Here, we show that the application of exogenous jasmonate significantly stimulated root hair elongation, but, on the contrary, blocking the perception or signaling of jasmonate resulted in defective root hairs.

Flower-Specific Overproduction of Cytokinins Altered Flower Development and Sex Expression in the Perennial Woody Plant L.

L. is monoecious with a low female-to-male ratio, which is one of the factors restricting its seed yield. Because the phytohormone cytokinins play an essential role in flower development, particularly pistil development, in this study, we elevated the cytokinin levels in flowers through transgenic expression of a cytokinin biosynthetic gene () from Arabidopsis under the control of a orthologue of () promoter that is predominantly active in flowers.

bHLH121 Functions as a Direct Link that Facilitates the Activation of FIT by bHLH IVc Transcription Factors for Maintaining Fe Homeostasis in Arabidopsis.

Iron (Fe) deficiency is prevalent in plants grown in neutral or alkaline soil. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms that regulate Fe homeostasis, ensuring survival. In Arabidopsis, FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (FIT) is a crucial regulator of Fe-deficiency response.

Exogenous salicylic acid ameliorates heat stress-induced damages and improves growth and photosynthetic efficiency in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).

Heat stress is found to be a detrimental factor for growth and development of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which is tremendously invaluable forage due to its high feed value and yield potential. Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to play a pivotal role in the regulation of plants biotic and abiotic stress response.

Enzymatic Reaction-Related Protein Degradation and Proteinaceous Amino Acid Metabolism during the Black Tea () Manufacturing Process.

Amino acids contribute to the nutritional value and quality of black tea. Fermentation is the most important stage of the black tea manufacturing process. In this study, we investigated protein degradation and proteinaceous amino acid metabolism associated with enzymatic reactions during fermentation in the black tea manufacturing process.

Biochemical Pathway of Benzyl Nitrile Derived from l-Phenylalanine in Tea () and Its Formation in Response to Postharvest Stresses.

Volatiles affect tea () aroma quality and have roles in tea plant defense against stresses. Some volatiles defend against stresses through their toxicity, which might affect tea safety. Benzyl nitrile is a defense-related toxic volatile compound that accumulates in tea under stresses, but its formation mechanism in tea remains unknown.

Low temperature synergistically promotes wounding-induced indole accumulation by INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION-mediated alterations of jasmonic acid signaling in Camellia sinensis.

Plants have to cope with various environmental stress factors which significantly impact plant physiology and secondary metabolism. Individual stresses, such as low temperature, are known to activate plant volatile compounds as a defense. However, less is known about the effect of multiple stresses on plant volatile formation.

Arsenic and arsenic speciation in mushrooms from China: A review.

Arsenic (As) is a natural environmental contaminant to which humans are usually exposed in water, air, soil, and food. China is a typical high-As region, and also a great contributor of the world production of cultivated edible mushrooms and a region abundant in wild growing edible mushrooms. Mushrooms can accumulate different amounts of As and different As compounds, so potential health risk of As intake may exist to people who use mushrooms with elevated As contents as food or medicine.

SWI3B and HDA6 interact and are required for transposon silencing in Arabidopsis.

Although the interplay of covalent histone acetylation/deacetylation and ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling is crucial for the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression in eukaryotes, the underlying molecular mechanism in plants remains largely unclear. Here we show a direct interaction between Arabidopsis SWI3B, an essential subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex, and the RPD3/HDA1-type histone deacetylase HDA6 both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, SWI3B and HDA6 co-repress the transcription of a subset of transposons.

Genome size, chromosome number determination, and analysis of the repetitive elements in .

(Vitaceae) is a perennial climber endemic to Africa and is characterized by succulent angular stems. The plant grows in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa especially in the African savanna. The stem of has a wide range of applications in both human and animal medicine, but there is limited cytogenetic information available for this species.

Genome-wide identification, phylogeny, and expression analysis of the SBP-box gene family in Euphorbiaceae.

Background: Euphorbiaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants. Due to its exceptional growth form diversity and near-cosmopolitan distribution, it has attracted much interest since ancient times. SBP-box (SBP) genes encode plant-specific transcription factors that play critical roles in numerous biological processes, especially flower development.

JCDB: a comprehensive knowledge base for Jatropha curcas, an emerging model for woody energy plants.

Background: Jatropha curcas is an oil-bearing plant, and has seeds with high oil content (~ 40%). Several advantages, such as easy genetic transformation and short generation duration, have led to the emergence of J. curcas as a model for woody energy plants.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Dark-Induced Senescence in Bermudagrass ().

Leaf senescence induced by prolonged light deficiency is inevitable whenever turfgrass is cultivated in forests, and this negatively influences the survival and aesthetic quality of the turfgrass. However, the mechanism underlying dark-induced senescence in turfgrass remained obscure. In this study, RNA sequencing was performed to analyze how genes were regulated in response to dark-induced leaf senescence in bermudagrass.

Characterization of Terpene Synthase from Tea Green Leafhopper Being Involved in Formation of Geraniol in Tea () Leaves and Potential Effect of Geraniol on Insect-Derived Endobacteria.

When insects attack plants, insect-derived elicitors and mechanical damage induce the formation and emission of plant volatiles that have important ecological functions and flavor properties. These events have mainly been studied in model plants, rather than crop plants. Our study showed that tea green leafhopper ( () Matsuda), a major pest infesting tea attack significantly induced the emission of geraniol from tea leaves, but did not affect the crude enzyme activity of geraniol synthase in tea leaves.

Anthocyanin and spermidine derivative hexoses coordinately increase in the ripening fruit of Lycium ruthenicum.

The Lycium ruthenicum (Lr) fruit is a widely used nutritional food that contains various bioactive components such as anthocyanin and spermidine derivatives. In the present study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to profile the metabolic dynamics of four developmental stages of Lr fruit. A total of 49 compounds, including anthocyanin, alkaloids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and amino acids, were tentatively identified.

Challenging battles of plants with phloem-feeding insects and prokaryotic pathogens.

For the past 4 decades, intensive molecular studies of mostly leaf mesophyll cell-infecting pathogens and chewing insects have led to compelling models of plant-pathogen and plant-insect interactions. Yet, some of the most devastating pathogens and insect pests live in or feed on the phloem, a systemic tissue belonging to the plant vascular system. Phloem tissues are difficult to study, and phloem-inhabiting pathogens are often impossible to culture, thus limiting our understanding of phloem-insect/pathogen interactions at a molecular level.

Transcriptome analysis of two inflorescence branching mutants reveals cytokinin is an important regulator in controlling inflorescence architecture in the woody plant Jatropha curcas.

Background: In higher plants, inflorescence architecture is an important agronomic trait directly determining seed yield. However, little information is available on the regulatory mechanism of inflorescence development in perennial woody plants. Based on two inflorescence branching mutants, we investigated the transcriptome differences in inflorescence buds between two mutants and wild-type (WT) plants by RNA-Seq to identify the genes and regulatory networks controlling inflorescence architecture in Jatropha curcas L.

Comprehensive Analysis and Functional Studies of WRKY Transcription Factors in .

The WRKY family is one of the largest transcription factor (TF) families in plants and plays central roles in modulating plant stress responses and developmental processes, as well as secondary metabolic regulations. Lotus () is an aquatic crop that has significant food, ornamental and pharmacological values. Here, we performed an overview analysis of WRKY TF family members in lotus, and studied their functions in environmental adaptation and regulation of lotus benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis.

Isolation and characterization of an atypical LEA gene (IpLEA) from Ipomoea pes-caprae conferring salt/drought and oxidative stress tolerance.

Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins belong to a large family that exists widely in plants and is mainly involved in desiccation processes during plant development or in the response to abiotic stresses. Here, we reported on an atypical LEA gene (IpLEA) related to salt tolerance from Ipomoea pes-caprae L. (Convolvulaceae).

Histone tales: lysine methylation, a protagonist in Arabidopsis development.

Histone methylation plays a fundamental role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression driven by developmental and environmental cues in plants, including Arabidopsis. Histone methyltransferases and demethylases act as 'writers' and 'erasers' of methylation at lysine and/or arginine residues of core histones, respectively. A third group of proteins, the 'readers', recognize and interpret the methylation marks.

The functional identification of glycine-rich TtASR from Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze involving in plant abiotic stress tolerance.

In this study, we reported on an ASR gene (TtASR) related to salt/drought tolerance from the edible halophyte Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze (Aizoaceae). A phylogenetic analysis revealed that TtASR was evolutionarily close to other two halophytic glycine-rich ASR members, SbASR-1 (from Salicornia brachiate) and SlASR (from Suaeda liaotungensis), with a typical abscisic acid (ABA)/water-deficit stress (WDS) domain at C-terminal.

Characterization of two tea glutamate decarboxylase isoforms involved in GABA production.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) contains two active glutamate decarboxylases (CsGADs), whose unclear properties were examined here. CsGAD1 was 4-fold higher than CsGAD2 in activity. Their K values for L-glutamate were around 5 mM.

Formation of α-Farnesene in Tea () Leaves Induced by Herbivore-Derived Wounding and Its Effect on Neighboring Tea Plants.

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) play important ecological roles in defense against stresses. In contrast to model plants, reports on HIPV formation and function in crops are limited. Tea () is an important crop in China.

Increasing Temperature Changes Flux into Multiple Biosynthetic Pathways for 2-Phenylethanol in Model Systems of Tea () and Other Plants.

2-Phenylethanol (2PE) is a representative aromatic aroma compound in tea () leaves. However, its formation in tea remains unexplored. In our study, feeding experiments of [H]L-phenylalanine (Phe), [H]phenylpyruvic acid (PPA), or (/)-phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx) showed that three biosynthesis pathways for 2PE derived from L-Phe occurred in tea leaves, namely, pathway I (via phenylacetaldehyde (PAld)), pathway II (via PPA and PAld), and pathway III (via (/)-PAOx and PAld).

DELLA and EDS1 Form a Feedback Regulatory Module to Fine-Tune Plant Growth-Defense Tradeoff in Arabidopsis.

Plants maintain a dynamic balance between growth and defense , and optimize allocation of resources for survival under constant pathogen infections. However, the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms, especially in response to biotrophic bacterial infection, remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that DELLA proteins and EDS1, an essential resistance regulator, form a central module modulating plant growth-defense tradeoffs via direct interaction.