Trajectories of prescription opioid and heroin use in adulthood.

Background And Objectives: Due to a reduction in the availability of prescription opioids in the United States, the potential transition from prescription opioids to heroin is a public health concern. We assessed trajectories of both nonmedical prescription opioid (NMPO) and heroin use from adolescence (age 18) to adulthood (age 50) and how these trajectories were associated with substance use disorder (SUD) in adulthood (age 35-50).

Methods: A national sample of 26,569 individuals from eleven cohorts of US high school seniors (1976-1986) who were followed until age 50 (2008-2018).

Mental health-related quality of life by sex and sexual identity among U.S. adults with alcohol and tobacco use disorder.

Introduction: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and tobacco use disorder (TUD) are more severe among some sexual minority subgroups. It is less understood whether mental health indicators also differ by sexual identity among those with more severe forms of AUD and TUD. We examined differences in mental health-related QoL by sex-specific sexual identity subgroup among those meeting criteria for moderate-to-severe AUD or moderate-to-severe TUD.

Daily-level analysis of drinking intensity and acute physical consequences.

Objective: We examined associations of drinking intensity on a given drinking day with acute physical consequences in a sample of U.S. young adult drinkers.

Trajectories of Prescription Drug Misuse Among US Adults From Ages 18 to 50 Years.

Importance: US adults born from 1965 to 1996 had high exposure to controlled medications, yet little is known about how this exposure has affected them over time. Prescription drug misuse (PDM) has increased among adults in the past 2 decades, with related increases in emergency department visits, overdoses, and deaths.

Objectives: To identify 32-year PDM trajectories involving opioids, stimulants, and sedatives or tranquilizers and to examine associations between these PDM trajectories and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms in adulthood as well as between baseline characteristics and PDM trajectories.

Choices Matter: How Response Options for Survey Questions about Sexual Identity Affect Population Estimates of Its Association with Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use.

This study presents results from a randomized experiment in the 2015-2017 National Survey of Family Growth, where a large national sample of U.S. individuals aged 15-49 was randomly assigned to one of two different versions of a survey question about sexual identity (one with three response options, including heterosexual, gay/lesbian, and bisexual, and one adding the option "something else").

If we build it, will they come? Results of a quasi-experimental study assessing the impact of maternity waiting homes on facility-based childbirth and maternity care in Zambia.

Introduction: Maternity waiting homes (MWHs) aim to increase access to maternity and emergency obstetric care by allowing women to stay near a health centre before delivery. An improved MWH model was developed with community input and included infrastructure, policies and linkages to health centres. We hypothesised this MWH model would increase health facility delivery among remote-living women in Zambia.

Elucidating the context for implementing nonpharmacologic care for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome: a qualitative study of perinatal nurses.

Background: Up to 95% of neonates exposed to opioids in utero experience neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome at birth. Nonpharmacologic approaches (e.g.

Cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use during the third trimester of pregnancy in a national sample of heterosexual and sexual minority women.

Background And Objectives: Research investigating e-cigarettes/e-products and dual use with cigarettes among pregnant sexual minority individuals in the United States is lacking. This study addresses this gap using a national sample.

Methods: Two waves of national panel data (2015-2018) from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study were used.

Prescription drug and alcohol simultaneous co-ingestion in U.S. young adults: Prevalence and correlates.

Simultaneous co-ingestion of prescription medication (e.g., opioid, tranquilizer/sedative, stimulant) and alcohol is associated with overdose and elevated substance use, but no studies have examined prescription drug misuse (PDM) and alcohol co-ingestion in U.

An examination of how e-cigarette/cigarette use during adolescence is associated with future use during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Adolescent e-cigarette use has increased, as has e-cigarette use during pregnancy, yet little is known about how these types of tobacco/nicotine (cigarettes/e-cigarettes) use during adolescence are associated with tobacco/nicotine use during the third trimester of pregnancy among young adults. National longitudinal data (2013-2018) from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study were used. Young adults ages 18-20 who indicated past-year pregnancy made up the analytic sample ( = 246).

Optimizing scalable, technology-supported behavioral interventions to prevent opioid misuse among adolescents and young adults in the emergency department: A randomized controlled trial protocol.

Preventing opioid misuse and opioid use disorder is critical among at-risk adolescents and young adults (AYAs). An Emergency Department (ED) visit provides an opportunity for delivering interventions during a rapidly changing opioid landscape. This paper describes pilot data and the protocol for a 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial testing efficacy of early interventions to reduce escalation of opioid (prescription or illicit) misuse among at-risk AYAs.

Trends in binge drinking, marijuana use, illicit drug use, and polysubstance use by sexual identity in the United States (2006-2017).

National studies often examine associations between sexual identity and substance use at a single point in time and neglect to examine whether these associations change over time. The present study examines U.S.

The latent class structure of substance use in US adults 50 years and older.

Objective: Substance use rates have increased in adults 50 years and older, and substance use in this population is associated with significant consequences. Given that little is known about their underlying substance use patterns, the objective was to identify latent classes of adults 50 years and older by past-year substance use, past-month substance use, and past-year substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis.

Methods: The National Survey on Drug Use and Health is an annual nationwide cross-sectional U.

Alcohol and cannabis motives: Differences in daily motive endorsement on alcohol, cannabis, and alcohol/cannabis co-use days in a cannabis-using sample.

Objective: Same day use of alcohol and cannabis is prevalent among emerging/young adults and increases the risk for negative consequences. Although motives for alcohol and cannabis use are well-documented, specific motives on co-use days are under-investigated. We examined differences in motives on single substance use (i.

Sexual identity differences in biomarkers of tobacco exposure among women in a national sample.

Background: Sexual minority women are consistently at increased risk for tobacco use compared to heterosexual women. Neither biomarkers of nicotine exposure nor biomarkers of tobacco toxicant exposure have been examined by sexual identity.

Methods: This study used interview and biomarker data from women in the biomarker core sample of Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study (2013-2014; n = 4930).

Co-ingestion of prescription drugs and alcohol in US adults aged 50 years or older.

Objective: To examine prevalence of past-month prescription drug misuse (PDM) and alcohol co-ingestion and its correlates in adults age 50 or older.

Methods: Data were from the 2015-2018 US National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 35,190). PDM-alcohol co-ingestion was defined as prescription opioid, tranquilizer/sedative, or stimulant misuse while "drinking alcohol or within a couple of hours of drinking.

Differences in child and adult biopsychosocial characteristics associated with regular cannabis use in individuals with and without cannabis use disorder.

Background: Regular cannabis use, even without cannabis use disorder (CUD), is associated with numerous biopsychosocial problems. Biopsychosocial risk factors that precede regular use and CUD might reflect broader pre-existing risk factors rather than the consequence of cannabis use. We aimed to (1) replicate prior work differentiating psychosocial problems associated with regular cannabis use with or without CUD relative to no-use in adulthood, and (2) test if these use groups differed in biopsychosocial functioning in early and middle childhood.

Nicotine and Tobacco Product Use and Dependence Symptoms Among US Adolescents and Adults: Differences by Age, Sex, and Sexual Identity.

Introduction: Sexual minorities are at increased risk for tobacco use; however, there is heterogeneity in this risk by sociodemographic factors.

Aims And Methods: This study sought to understand if vulnerability to tobacco use among US sexual minorities varies by age group. For this study we used data from wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health adolescent and adult surveys (n = 37 959), a nationally representative survey.

Drinking Intensity at Age 29/30 as a Predictor of Alcohol Use Disorder Symptoms at Age 35 in a National Sample.

Objective: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to identify associations of drinking intensity at age 29/30 with symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD) at age 35.

Method: Analyses used national longitudinal data from 1,253 individuals (53.5% female) participating in the Monitoring the Future study.

Moderate-to-Severe Tobacco Use Disorder and Discrimination Among U.S. Sexual Minority Older Adults.

Objectives: The dearth of research on age-related differences in risk factors for tobacco use disorder (TUD) among sexual minorities, particularly among older adults, can obscure the differential needs of sexual minority age groups for tobacco prevention and cessation. We examined the association of cumulative ethnic/racial discrimination and sexual orientation discrimination with moderate-to-severe TUD among U.S.

Cannabis, Vaping, and Respiratory Symptoms in a Probability Sample of U.S. Youth.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the association between respiratory symptoms among U.S. adolescents who were current (past 30-day) users of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and/or cannabis, as well as lifetime users of cannabis with electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS).

Medicinal Cannabis: Policy, Patients, and Providers.

Medicinal cannabis is legal in some form in 47 states, 3 United States territories, and the District of Columbia. An estimated three million Americans use cannabis for relief of a variety of illnesses, and this figure is expected to grow based on policy changes. However, cannabis remains illegal at the federal level as a Schedule I drug under the 1970 Controlled Substances Act.

Desistance, Self-treatment, or Substitution: Decisions about Cannabis Use During Pregnancy.

Cannabis is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy in the United States and Canada, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that all pregnant individuals be screened for cannabis use and counseled regarding potential adverse health impacts of use. However, those considering or using cannabis during pregnancy report experiencing stigma and lack of information from health care providers and, thus, frequently rely on friends, family, and the internet for information. This article describes 3 types of decisions individuals may be making about cannabis use during pregnancy and suggests approaches health care providers may take to minimize judgment and provide optimal support for informed cannabis use decisions among pregnant individuals.