2,403 results match your criteria: "Center for Vaccine Development.[Affiliation]"

Article Synopsis
  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) poses a significant health risk in Asia, especially for children, and vaccination is essential for prevention.
  • This study assessed the immune response and safety of two live-attenuated JE vaccines, comparing a chimeric vaccine (IMOJEV®) as a primary dose with the SA14-14-2 vaccine (CD.JEVAX®) given as a booster to 50 healthy participants aged 1-3 years.
  • The results showed a strong immune response post-booster with high antibody levels and a low rate of mild side effects, indicating that CD.JEVAX® is a promising option for booster vaccinations in JE prevention.
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Objectives: To investigate which independent factor(s) have an impact on the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in critically ill children, develop an equation to predict the 24-hour area under the concentration-time curve from a trough concentration, and evaluate dosing regimens likely to achieve a 24-hour area under the concentration-time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio (AUC24/MIC) greater than or equal to 400.

Design: Prospective population pharmacokinetic study of vancomycin.

Setting: Critically ill patients in quaternary care PICUs.

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Over the past three years, new SARS-CoV-2 variants have continuously emerged, evolving to a point where an immune response against the original vaccine no longer provided optimal protection against these new strains. During this time, high-throughput neutralization assays based on pseudoviruses have become a valuable tool for assessing the efficacy of new vaccines, screening updated vaccine candidates against emerging variants, and testing the efficacy of new therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies. Lentiviral vectors derived from HIV-1 are popular for developing pseudo and chimeric viruses due to their ease of use, stability, and long-term transgene expression.

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Article Synopsis
  • Bacterial gastrointestinal diseases, particularly those caused by various Shigella species, lead to significant health issues globally, causing approximately 125 million cases of shigellosis and 14,000 deaths each year, mostly in young children in developing nations.
  • A Phase 1 clinical trial evaluated the safety and tolerability of a new treatment called ShigActive™, a lytic bacteriophage aimed at Shigella, comparing its effects with a placebo over 29 days.
  • Results showed that ShigActive™ was generally safe and well tolerated, with mild side effects reported by some participants and no serious adverse events, indicating it could be a potential option for treating shigellosis
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Article Synopsis
  • The study investigates the role of circulating T follicular helper cells (cT) in the immune response to Typhi infection, using data from a controlled human infection model.
  • Participants who did not develop typhoid disease (NoTD) showed higher frequencies of specific cT subsets (cT2 and cT17) compared to those who developed the disease (TD), particularly a week post-challenge.
  • The findings suggest that these cT subsets are associated with the production of anti-Typhi antibodies and could be crucial for developing effective vaccines against typhoid disease.
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Article Synopsis
  • - The study assessed the effectiveness of a COVID-19 Sanofi booster vaccine by measuring neutralizing antibody levels in COVAIL recipients as a predictor of COVID-19 risk.
  • - Higher levels of antibody titers were found to be associated with a lower risk of COVID-19, indicated by adjusted hazard ratios of 0.30 and 0.25 for different titer measurements.
  • - An increase of 10-fold in the weighted average titer substantially reduced the risk, suggesting that higher antibody levels can offer better protection against the virus.
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The mucosal immune system is a critical first line of defense to infectious diseases, as many pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, disrupting the balanced interactions between mucosal cells, secretory molecules, and microbiota in this challenging microenvironment. The mucosal immune system comprises of a complex and integrated network that includes the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). One of its primary responses to microbes is the secretion of IgA, whose role in the mucosa is vital for preventing pathogen colonization, invasion and spread.

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Background: School-age children in sub-Saharan Africa suffer an underappreciated burden of malaria which threatens their health and education. To address this problem, we compared the efficacy of two school-based chemoprevention approaches: giving all students intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) or screening and treating only students with detected infections (IST).

Methods: In a three-arm, open-label, randomized, controlled trial (NCT05244954) in Malawi, 746 primary school students, aged 5-19 years, were individually randomized within each grade-level to IPT (n = 249), IST with a high-sensitivity rapid diagnostic test (hs-RDT, n = 248), or control (n = 249).

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Objectives: ZR-202-CoV and ZR-202a-CoV are novel recombinant vaccines containing 25 µg of the prototype (Wuhan strain) or B.1.351 strain (Beta variant) SARS-CoV-2 S-protein expressed in CHO cells, respectively, adjuvanted with Al(OH) and CpG-ODN.

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), hospital admission, and mortality in children worldwide. Early-life RSV LRTI has also been associated with subsequent long-term respiratory sequelae, including recurrent LRTI, recurrent wheezing, asthma, and lung function impairment, and these effects can persist into adulthood as chronic respiratory disease. New preventive measures (maternal vaccine or long-acting monoclonal antibodies) have been licensed to reduce the burden of acute RSV LRTI in infants and children at high risk through passive immunisation.

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Article Synopsis
  • Vaccine safety and immunogenicity data are crucial for making informed decisions in countries where both HIV and typhoid are prevalent, specifically focusing on HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children.
  • In a study involving Malawian infants, HEU and HIV unexposed uninfected (HUU) participants received the Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) at different ages, with safety and immune response monitored after vaccination.
  • Results showed that the vaccine was generally safe with mild adverse events, and both HEU and HUU children had strong immune responses, indicating that a single dose of Vi-TT could be effectively introduced in HIV-endemic regions.
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Article Synopsis
  • A Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) with wild-type Salmonella Typhi was set up to study immunity development, revealing that about 55% of volunteers met typhoid diagnosis criteria after infection.
  • Intestinal macrophages, which play a crucial role in gut defense, are derived from circulating monocytes rather than tissue-resident progenitors, making them unique compared to macrophages in other organs.
  • Changes in circulating monocytes were tracked post-infection, showing that typhoid diagnosis participants had increased activation markers, indicating a heightened immune response, and upregulated molecules to interact with both bacterial antigens and adaptive immune cells.
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Omicron COVID-19 immune correlates analysis of a third dose of mRNA-1273 in the COVE trial.

Nat Commun

September 2024

Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

In the phase 3 Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) trial (NCT04470427), post-dose two Ancestral Spike-specific binding (bAb) and neutralizing (nAb) antibodies were shown to be correlates of risk (CoR) and of protection against Ancestral-lineage COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 naive participants. In the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron era, Omicron subvariants with varying degrees of immune escape now dominate, seropositivity rates are high, and booster doses are administered, raising questions on whether and how these developments affect the bAb and nAb correlates. To address these questions, we assess post-boost BA.

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Recent advances in the use of trophoblast stem cells and organoid models have markedly enhanced our understanding of placental development and function. These models offer significant improvements over previous systems due to their extended viability in culture and capacity to replicate various trophoblast functions, such as extravillous trophoblast invasion, syncytialisation and 3D architecture. Initially, the generation of trophoblast organoids was confined to first trimester placental tissue; however, it was recently reported that term placentae can also serve as a source of trophoblast stem cells.

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Pediatric pandemic preparedness for a vulnerable Gulf of Mexico.

Pediatr Res

September 2024

Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.

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Objective: We aimed to investigate sociodemographic factors associated with self-reported COVID-19 infection.

Methods: The study population was a prospective multicenter cohort of adult volunteers recruited from healthcare systems located in the mid-Atlantic and southern United States. Between April 2020 and October 2021, participants completed daily online questionnaires about symptoms, exposures, and risk behaviors related to COVID-19, including self-reports of positive SARS CoV-2 detection tests and COVID-19 vaccination.

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Data were gathered through a collaborative initiative to investigate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdowns on child and maternal health, economic hardships, and access to care for children and pregnant women by the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) Network. The data were gathered in Bamako, the capital city of Mali (population ∼2.9 million) between August and September of 2022 through a Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS).

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Importance: The emergence of acute neurological symptoms in children necessitates immediate intervention. Although low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear the highest burden of neurological diseases, there is a scarcity of diagnostic and therapeutic resources. Therefore, current understanding of the etiology of neurological emergencies in LMICs relies mainly on clinical diagnoses and verbal autopsies.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines reduce severe disease and mortality and may lessen transmission, measured by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load (VL). Evaluating vaccine associations in VL at COVID-19 diagnosis in 4 phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled vaccine trials, July 2020 to July 2021, VL reductions were 2.78 log10 copies/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.

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Children with hemoglobin C or S trait have low serologic responses to a subset of malaria variant surface antigens.

J Infect

October 2024

Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., HSF1 Room 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America. Electronic address:

Children with hemoglobin AC or AS have decreased susceptibility to clinical malaria. Parasite variant surface antigen (VSA) presentation on the surface of infected erythrocytes is altered in erythrocytes with hemoglobin C (Hb AC) or sickle trait (Hb AS) mutations in vitro. The protective role of incomplete or altered VSA presentation against clinical malaria in individuals with Hb AC or AS is unclear.

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Article Synopsis
  • Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a major cause of healthcare-related diarrhea, with issues like antibiotic resistance and high relapse rates complicating treatment.
  • *Faecal microbiota transplantation is a potential therapy but understanding the key factors for successful colonization resistance is necessary for its broader application.
  • *Experts highlighted the need for a Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) to safely study mild to moderate C. difficile infections, which could lead to new treatments and better insights into how the infection works.*
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Adenoviruses (Ads) have demonstrated significant success as replication-deficient (RD) viral vectored vaccines, as well as broad potential across gene therapy and cancer therapy. Ad vectors transduce human cells via direct interactions between the viral fiber knob and cell surface receptors, with secondary cellular integrin interactions. Ad receptor usage is diverse across the extensive phylogeny.

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Treatments and the Perspectives of Developing a Vaccine for Chagas Disease.

Vaccines (Basel)

August 2024

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Chagas disease (CD) treatment and vaccine development are critical due to the significant health burden caused by the disease, especially in Latin America. Current treatments include benznidazole and nifurtimox, which are most effective in the acute phase of the disease but less so in the chronic phase, often with significant side effects. Here, using the available literature, we summarize the progress in vaccine development and new treatments that promise to reduce CD incidence and improve the quality of life for those at risk, particularly in endemic regions.

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Age-stratified path analyses modeled associations between enteric pathogen reservoirs, transmission pathways and height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) to identify determinants of childhood growth in the Kolkata, India site of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). Models tested direct associations of potential pathogen reservoirs with HAZ at 60-day follow-up in separate moderate and severe diarrhea (MSD) case and control cohorts or indirectly when mediated by enteric infections. In the MSD cohort, rotavirus and typical EPEC (tEPEC) infections among children 0-11 months of age and ST-ETEC infections among children 12-23 months of age were associated with lower HAZ.

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SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family and carries a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. During coronavirus (CoV) replication, defective or defective interfering RNAs that lack a large portion of the genome often emerge. These defective RNAs typically carry the necessary RNA elements that are required for replication and packaging.

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