Contribution of complementary food nutrients to estimated total nutrient intakes for urban Guatemalan infants in the second semester of life.

Complementary foods (CF) are introduced earlier or later than appropriate in developing societies. They often contribute poorly to overall adequate micronutrient intake during the critical period for growth and development, which constitutes the period from 6 to 12 months of life. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of the CF nutrients to the total estimated nutrient intake in infants in the second semester of life.

Food variety, dietary diversity, and food characteristics among convenience samples of Guatemalan women.

Objective: To compare variety and diversity patterns and dietary characteristics in Guatemalan women.

Material And Methods: Two non-consecutive 24-h recalls were conducted in convenience samples of 20 rural Mayan women and 20 urban students. Diversity scores were computed using three food-group systems.

Agreement between dietary and lifestyle guidelines for cancer prevention in population samples of Europeans and Mesoamericans.

Objective: To assess concordance with selected individual guideline components of the 1997 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) diet and lifestyle recommendations to decrease cancer risk across four population samples.

Methods: The study was a prospectively designed survey examining concordance with individual-level guidelines of the WCRF/AICR recommendations using target criteria across sites. The status of concordance with eight dietary and eight lifestyle components subject to evaluation was described and compared across samples and with the target criteria.

Nutrient offerings from the meals and snacks served in four daycare centers in Guatemala City.

Objective: To assess the nutritional content and contribution to recommended nutrient intakes of the menu offerings in diverse daycare centers serving low-income urban families in Guatemala City.

Methods: An observational study design was used to record all food and drink items offered to children attending four daycare centers on 5 different days of the week to represent a typical week (20 d). Direct recording of menus, weighing of ingredients used, and the preparation of dishes and drinks were undertaken.

Contribution of complementary food nutrients to estimated total nutrient intakes for rural Guatemalan infants in the second semester of life.

Background: In developing countries, complementary foods are often introduced earlier or later than appropriate and the quality is frequently insufficient, particularly in rural areas where complementary foods have traditionally been based on starchy gruels. Adequate intakes of a number of nutrients are recognized to be problematic in traditional complementary feeding regimens in developing societies.

Aim: To determine the contribution of the complementary feeding nutrients to the estimated total nutrient intake in Guatemalan infants.

Bioavailability of zinc from NutriSet zinc tablets compared with aqueous zinc sulfate.

Background/objectives: The apparent widespread extent of zinc (Zn) deficiency in developing countries and the efficacy of oral Zn supplements as an adjunct to oral rehydration therapy make oral Zn supplementation an increasingly important modality in clinical medicine and public health. In this study we aimed to compare the relative bioavailability of oral doses of 30 mg of Zn in two dosing forms.

Subjects/methods: In total, 10 healthy male volunteers ingested oral Zn doses with 200 ml plain water at about 0830 hours in the fasting state on two occasions, once as 30 mg of Zn in an aqueous solution of reagent grade zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)) and another time as 1.

Concordance with selected population recommendations for cancer prevention among third- and fourth-grade schoolchildren in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

Background: The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) 1997 recommendations for cancer prevention were meant to apply to children as well as adults.

Objective: To assess the concordance of behaviors and body composition of urban Guatemalan schoolchildren with the tenets of the WCRF/AICR 1997 recommendations.

Methods: A survey was conducted involving determination of 24-hour consumption of foods and beverages by a pictorial registry and height and weight measurements in 355 third- and fourth-grade schoolchildren in the western highland city of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

Bioethics and innovation in pediatric nutrition research.

Advances in technology and understanding of fundamental human biology allow for an increasingly innovative research agenda in pediatric nutrition. All human research is governed by the norms of bioethics, which are in turn based on four primary principles: free will in participation, freedom from harm, opportunity to benefit, and non-discrimination in access. Legally, if not essentially, juveniles do not have free will to affirm their participation as research subjects.

Contribution of beverages to energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intake of third- and fourth-grade schoolchildren in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

Beverages are selected based on availability, culture, taste preference, health, safety and social context. Beverages may be important to energy and to the macronutrient and micronutrient quality of overall intake. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of beverages to the dietary energy and estimated macro- and micronutrient intake to the diet of young schoolchildren.

Total daily water intake in Guatemalan children.

Background: Water is an essential nutrient, but recommendations for total water requirements only emerged in 2005, in the context of estimated average population targets in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for US and Canadian societies.

Objective: To assess total daily water acquisition, and the contribution of water acquired from all possible sources, among Guatemalan children.

Methods: A total of 449 urban Guatemalan schoolchildren, aged 8 to 11 years, evenly divided between two socioeconomic strata, completed a 1-day pictorial registry of all foods and beverages consumed.

Dietary intakes and food sources of fat and fatty acids in Guatemalan schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Consumption of healthy diets that contribute with adequate amounts of fat and fatty acids is needed for children. Among Guatemalan children, there is little information about fat intakes. Therefore, the present study sought to assess intakes of dietary fats and examine food sources of those fats in Guatemalan children.

Practical limitations to a positive deviance approach for identifying dietary patterns compatible with the reduction of cancer risk.

Background: The positive deviance (PD) approach seeks to devise and promote health-promoting practices identified within the most successful member of a society. The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) recommendations indicate the need for specific dietary behaviours, which may be considered impractical. Thus, it is important to demonstrate ways in which these dietary practices have been achieved from concordant individuals.

Contribution of complementary foods to the total daily water needs of urban Guatemalan infants.

Background: Estimates of adequate intake (AI) for water only became available in 2005. The daily water AI for 6-12-month-old infants of both sexes is 800 mL. The present study aimed to estimate the water intake of urban infants receiving both breast milk and complementary feeding (CF) and to compare them with the reference AI.

Correspondence of two procedures to measure abdominal circumference in a convenience sample of urban, middle-class schoolchildren in Guatemala City.

Background: Given an emerging concern for juvenile overweight and obesity, even in populations of developing countries, techniques to assess central obesity, such as abdominal circumference (AC), are of increasing interest.

Objective: To compare two procedures for measuring AC in schoolchildren from a convenience sample of middle-class, urban children aged 72 to 131 months in Guatemala City.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study (August 2004- April 2005) in 363 schoolchildren; 190 boys and 173 girls.

Volume, frequency and participation in plain drinking water consumption by third and fourth-grade schoolchildren in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

Water intake was described and quantified in samples of urban Guatemalan schoolchildren stratified by gender and socio-economic status. The frequency of consumption and quantity of plain water drinking was estimated from one-day pictorial registries of all beverages, foods and snacks consumed over a 24-h period collected from 449 3rd and 4th graders from two social classes: 230 from higher SES and 219 from lower SES. Plain water was reported by 28.

Dietary characteristics of complementary foods offered to Guatemalan infants vary between urban and rural settings.

The objective of this study was to describe and compare the dietary variety, diversity, and origins of complementary foods given to urban and rural Guatemalan infants in the second semester of life. Dietary intake from a total of 128 infants of both sexes, aged 6.0 to 12.

Concordance with dietary and lifestyle population goals for cancer prevention in Dutch, Scottish, Mexican, and Guatemalan population samples.

Objectives: We assessed concordance with selected population goal components of the 1997 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) diet and lifestyle recommendations to decrease cancer risk across four population samples.

Methods: This was a prospectively designed survey examining concordance with the population goals of the WCRF/AICR recommendations using target criteria across sites. Population samples were from the Netherlands, Scotland, Mexico, and Guatemala.

Developmental origins of health and disease: concepts, caveats, and consequences for public health nutrition.

The purpose of this article is to define the concept of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) as an emerging paradigm for relating evolutionary biology to contemporary health issues. As illustrated, several paradoxes emerge related to adaptations initiated in utero and in early life. Epigenetics is a concept that must be incorporated in order to understand plasticity adaptations, such as programming.

Ready-to-eat cereals are key sources of selected micronutrients among schoolchildren from public and private elementary schools in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

This cross-sectional dietary survey aimed to assess the consumption and relative nutrient contribution of ready-to-eat cereals (RTEC) among schoolchildren from 2 social classes in an urban center in the Guatemalan province of Quetzaltenango. A total of 449 24-hour dietary records were collected using a pictorial workbook registry method among third- and fourth-grade schoolchildren. The sample population was divided between low-income, public school attendants (n = 219) and students from higher-income private institutions (n = 230).

Fruit and vegetable intake of schoolchildren in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

Objective: To determine if fruit and vegetable consumption among high- and low-socioeconomic status (HSES-LSES) urban schoolchildren in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, was adequate according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.

Methods: Cross-sectional data from 449 third- and fourth-grade girls and boys from 12 elementary schools were collected, analyzed, and presented by socioeconomic status and gender. Public schoolchildren were classified as LSES (n = 219) and private schoolchildren were classified as HSES (n = 230).

Nutritional status of an economically-privileged convenience sample of urban children in Guatemala City.

Background: The worldwide pandemic of overweight and obesity has now reached low-income tropical societies.

Objective: To determine whether overweight or obesity is present among children from middle-class Guatemala City homes.

Methods: A total of 363 children, 173 boys and 190 girls aged 72-131 months, were included for height, weight, and abdominal circumference at its narrowest point (natural waist).

The positive deviance approach can be used to create culturally appropriate eating guides compatible with reduced cancer risk.

The 1997 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Report provides 14 individual guidelines to reduce global cancer risk. The positive deviance approach could be appropriate for creating class-appropriate, healthy eating menu guides for consuming a diet to minimize cancer risk in Guatemala. Guatemalan adult participants (n = 873) were enrolled in the Concordance Project from 3 socioeconomic strata: rural area (n = 301), lower urban (n = 298), and higher urban (n = 274).

Evaluating concordance with the 1997 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research cancer prevention guidelines: challenges for the research community.

Diet, nutritional status and lifestyle practices are significant determinants of the risk of certain cancers. In 1997 The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) developed a series of evidence-based recommendations to help reduce the population and individual risk of cancer. However, guidance for evaluating concordance or compliance with these recommendations is limited.

Distribution of macro- and micronutrient intakes in relation to the meal pattern of third- and fourth-grade schoolchildren in the city of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

Objective: Our objective was to assess the distribution of energy, macro- and micronutrient intakes by meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner and combined snacks) in a cross-sectional sample of schoolchildren.

Design: Cross-sectional dietary survey in schoolchildren.

Setting: Twelve private and public schools in the urban setting of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

Concordance with the New American Plate guidelines of the American Institute for Cancer Research in Guatemalan children.

Objective: To determine concordance with the New American Plate guideline that no more than one-third of one's plate be covered with foods of animal origin in Guatemalan schoolchildren.

Methods: Dietary intake data collected with a 24-h pictorial diary in a convenience sample of 449 third- and fourth-grade schoolchildren were inspected. The weights of animal and vegetable items in each meal were calculated with respect to the food on the main plate and all elements of the meal.